Table 1 Indicators and proxy measures of food security determinants
Food security determinant | Indicator or proxy measure | Survey question |
|---|---|---|
• Response option | ||
Food availability | ||
Household food production | Ownership of land | Does your household own any land (other than the homestead land)? |
• Yes; No; Don’t know | ||
Ownership of livestock | Does your household own any livestock, farm animals or poultry? | |
• Yes; No; Don’t know | ||
Use of vegetable gardens | Does your household grow its own fruits and vegetables in a homestead garden or plot? | |
• Yes; No; Don’t know | ||
Regional and global food production | Not available | Not available |
Food system infrastructure | Not available | Not available |
Food access | ||
Household wealth | Principal Component Analysis | Which of these do you presently have in your household? |
• Electricity; fan; mobile phone; non-mobile phone; fridge; almirah/wardrobe; table; chair/bench; cot/bed; mattress; sewing machine; watch/clock; generator; bicycle; motorcycle/scooter/tempo; animal-drawn cart; car/truck/bus/microbus; boat; rickshaw/van | ||
What is the main material of the floor in the house where the woman lives? (Record your observation) | ||
• Earth/sand; wood planks; palm/bamboo; parquet or polished wood; ceramic tiles; cement; carpet; other; don’t know. | ||
What is the main material of the roof in the house where the woman lives? (Record your observation) | ||
• No roof; thatch/palm leaf; bamboo; wood planks; cardboard; tin; wood; ceramic tiles; cement; stone with lime/cement; roofing shingles; other; don’t know. | ||
What is the main material of the exterior walls in the house where the woman lives? (Record your observation) | ||
• No walls; cane/palm/trunks/straw; dirt; bamboo/bamboo with mud; stone/stone with mud; plywood; cardboard; tin; cement; stone with lime/cement; bricks; wood planks/shingles; other; don’t know. | ||
Does your household own any homestead? If no, probe: Does your household own homestead in any other places? | ||
• Yes; No; Don’t know | ||
Food and non-food prices | Not available | Not available |
Social security | Not available | Not available |
Women’s agency | Freedom for women to always or sometimes access the market by herself | Are you allowed to go to the market/ shops without the company of another adult? |
• Always; sometimes; never allowed to go without company; never allowed to go even with company | ||
Involvement in decision-making relating to daily household expenditures (by herself or with her husband). | Who has the greatest say in the decision regarding how household money is spent for daily necessities, such as food? | |
• Woman; woman and her husband jointly; husband; mother-in-law; father-in-law; mother; father; sister-in-law; brother-in-law; other family members; other; don’t know. | ||
Food system infrastructure | Not available | Not available |
Ownership of cooking or food storage facilities | Not available | Not available |
Food utilisation | ||
Knowledge of nutritional requirements | Knowledge of malnutrition prevention (number of methods named) | What can women do to stay well nourished? What else? Do not prompt. (Multiple answer) |
• Eat adequate amount of nourishing/vitamin rich food every day; eat plenty of vegetables; eat eggs/milk/dairy products; prevent childhood (and early) marriage; prevent adolescent pregnancy; eat more food during pregnancy; adequate rest during pregnancy; prevent frequent pregnancy/space births by more than 2 ½ years; increase food quantity during lactation; maintain hygiene and cleanliness/look after one’s health; other (specify); don’t know. | ||
Women’s literacy | Can you read this passage for me please? | |
(Interviewer to decide the ability level) | ||
• Easily; with difficulty; cannot read. | ||
Access to media (ownership of radio or television) Taken from asset score, which is partially used in the PCA. | Which of these do you presently have in your household? | |
• Radio/tape recorder; television with cable; television without cable. | ||
Household size | Not available | Not available |
Larger household | Number of women of reproductive age in the household | How many women aged 15–49 live in your household? |
• Number of women | ||
Intra-household food distribution and food control | Not available | Not available |
Cultural practices and individual practices | Not available | Not available |