Fig. 1
From: The opioid effects of gluten exorphins: asymptomatic celiac disease
The development of symptomatic and asymptomatic CD and NCGS. Incomplete gluten breakdown results in inhibition of DPP IV and the possible increase of SP, leading to intestinal and extra-intestinal gluten-induced disorders. Gluten-derived DPP IV inhibition also increases the presence of GIP and GLP in the gut, leading to improved glucose homeostasis