Characteristics | WHO drinking water standard (mg/L) | Bangladesh drinking water standard (mg/L) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | Fe | NaCl | As | Mn | Fe | NaCl | As | |||||||||
≤0.4 | >0.4 | ≤0.3 | >0.3 | ≤250 | >250 | ≤0.01 | >0.01 | ≤0.1 | >0.1 | ≤1.0 | >1.0 | ≤600 | >600 | ≤0.05 | >0.05 | |
Sex | ||||||||||||||||
 Male | 50.3 | 52.8 | 50.8 | 50.8 | 51.7 | 50.3 | 50.0 | 52.3 | 50.3 | 51.2 | 51.8 | 48.9 | 51.9 | 46.1 | 50.2 | 56.7 |
 Female | 49.7 | 47.2 | 49.2 | 49.2 | 48.3 | 49.7 | 50.0 | 47.7 | 49.7 | 48.8 | 48.2 | 51.1 | 48.1 | 53.9 | 49.8 | 43.3 |
  p value | 0.462 | 0.995 | 0.643 | 0.691 | 0.709 | 0.290 | 0.109 | 0.495 | ||||||||
Age(years) | ||||||||||||||||
 ≤4 | 7.1 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 7.8 | 4.6 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.7 |
 5-20 | 35.6 | 30.9 | 37.0 | 34.3 | 35.0 | 35.7 | 35.6 | 39.3 | 37.4 | 32.5 | 34.5 | 34.5 | 35.5 | 34.9 | 35.1 | 53.3 |
 21–40 | 30.4 | 32.8 | 28.7 | 31.3 | 32.0 | 32.1 | 31.8 | 23.4 | 29.2 | 32.3 | 30.3 | 32.2 | 31.9 | 32.8 | 30.1 | 20.0 |
 41–60 | 20.0 | 21.5 | 18.9 | 20.5 | 20.2 | 17.9 | 17.2 | 24.3 | 20.4 | 20.2 | 20.9 | 18.9 | 19.0 | 17.9 | 19.3 | 20.0 |
 ≥61 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 5.6 | 7.2 | 8.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 6.4 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 90.0 |
  p value | 0.6623 | 0.720 | 0.707 | 0.358 | 0.318 | 0.805 | 0.975 | 0.199 | ||||||||
Educational level | ||||||||||||||||
 No education | 7.1 | 9.8 | 8.8 | 7.3 | 9.5 | 6.8 | 7.5 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 9.4 | 8.0 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 5.0 |
 Primary | 20.0 | 21.2 | 19.2 | 20.4 | 25.9 | 22.2 | 15.0 | 28.3 | 19.9 | 20.7 | 20.9 | 18.9 | 26.3 | 12.7 | 17.9 | 30.0 |
 Secondary | 20.6 | 26.5 | 14.4 | 22.8 | 17.2 | 21.2 | 21.1 | 20.0 | 19.4 | 23.8 | 19.5 | 24.2 | 19.2 | 21.4 | 20.8 | 20.0 |
 Higher secondary and above | 52.2 | 42.4 | 57.6 | 49.4 | 47.5 | 49.8 | 56.4 | 46.7 | 55.1 | 46.2 | 51.7 | 49.8 | 46.5 | 58.7 | 54.3 | 45.0 |
  p value | 0.166 | 0.152 | 0.257 | 0.175 | 0.032** | 0.443 | 0.010** | 0.623 | ||||||||
Household economic status | ||||||||||||||||
 Ultra-poor | 30.1 | 32.2 | 24.4 | 31.8 | 21.3 | 19.1 | 26.4 | 27.5 | 27.7 | 32.8 | 30.2 | 30.4 | 20.3 | 18.5 | 25.9 | 36.7 |
 Poor | 36.1 | 42.7 | 36.1 | 37.5 | 42.3 | 38.6 | 33.5 | 42.2 | 39.0 | 35.8 | 36.0 | 38.3 | 41.9 | 31.9 | 33.6 | 63.3 |
 Non-poor | 33.8 | 25.1 | 39.5 | 30.7 | 36.4 | 42.3 | 40.1 | 30.3 | 33.3 | 31.4 | 33.8 | 31.3 | 37.7 | 49.6 | 40.5 | 0.0 |
  p value | 0.018** | 0.010** | 0.107 | 0.168 | 0.097* | 0.551 | 0.003*** | 0.000*** | ||||||||
Access to media at home | ||||||||||||||||
 No access to media | 48.4 | 50.9 | 35.7 | 51.7 | 82.6 | 58.3 | 65.3 | 35.8 | 46.6 | 51.2 | 52.7 | 40.8 | 66.2 | 76.7 | 56.1 | 56.7 |
 Access to media | 51.6 | 49.1 | 64.3 | 48.3 | 17.4 | 41.7 | 34.7 | 64.2 | 53.4 | 48.8 | 47.3 | 59.2 | 33.8 | 23.3 | 43.9 | 43.3 |
  p value | 0.447 | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.070* | 0.000*** | 0.002*** | 0.950 | ||||||||
NGO membership | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||||||||||||
 No membership | 54.0 | 57.3 | 56.4 | 54.2 | 60.7 | 59.3 | 58.7 | 61.5 | 54.0 | 55.4 | 52.2 | 59.2 | 58.6 | 65.5 | 60.4 | 50.0 |
 Member of any NGO | 46.0 | 42.7 | 43.6 | 45.8 | 39.3 | 40.7 | 41.3 | 38.5 | 46.0 | 44.6 | 47.8 | 40.8 | 41.4 | 34.5 | 39.6 | 50.0 |
  p value | 0.324 | 0.513 | 0.622 | 0.622 | 0.579 | 0.009** | 0.051** | 0.265 | ||||||||
Wealth index | ||||||||||||||||
 Lowest | 22.1 | 27.0 | 28.9 | 21.7 | 22.6 | 21.1 | 38.4 | 0.0 | 20.1 | 25.9 | 25.0 | 20.9 | 22.0 | 20.4 | 28.8 | 0.0 |
 Second | 20.2 | 21.7 | 17.3 | 21.2 | 18.3 | 19.1 | 12.2 | 9.2 | 15.6 | 24.8 | 21.5 | 18.2 | 17.2 | 25.8 | 11.1 | 13.3 |
 Middle | 19.0 | 12.4 | 19.2 | 17.5 | 31.2 | 24.3 | 28.3 | 20.2 | 21.2 | 14.7 | 20.9 | 13.2 | 26.6 | 29.4 | 26.9 | 13.3 |
 Fourth | 17.0 | 20.6 | 16.9 | 17.8 | 20.2 | 17.2 | 5.5 | 48.6 | 17.1 | 18.2 | 16.4 | 19.8 | 20.0 | 11.3 | 15.2 | 60.0 |
 Highest | 21.6 | 18.4 | 17.7 | 21.8 | 7.7 | 18.3 | 15.6 | 22.0 | 26.0 | 16.4 | 16.2 | 28.0 | 14.2 | 13.1 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
  p value | 0.031** | 0.066* | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.004*** | 0.000*** | ||||||||
Water sources by type | ||||||||||||||||
 Shallow tubewell | 38.2 | 78.3 | 72.9 | 39.4 | 74.2 | 28.4 | 31.0 | 70.6 | 43.0 | 47.8 | 42.9 | 47.2 | 52.8 | 21.1 | 40.2 | 76.7 |
 Deep tubewell | 50.0 | 21.7 | 27.1 | 48.8 | 1.8 | 68.6 | 69.0 | 29.4 | 49.4 | 40.4 | 42.2 | 50.9 | 33.1 | 78.9 | 59.8 | 23.3 |
 Others | 11.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 11.8 | 24.1 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.6 | 11.8 | 14.9 | 1.9 | 14.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
  p value | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | ||||||||
Division | ||||||||||||||||
 Dhaka | 6.6 | 12.7 | 11.7 | 6.8 | 36.0 | 40.1 | 9.1 | 67.9 | 6.5 | 8.9 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 38.1 | 39.7 | 22.7 | 76.7 |
 Chittagong | 25.4 | 39.7 | 50.8 | 23.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 16.5 | 9.2 | 28.7 | 26.9 | 27.2 | 28.4 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 15.6 | 0.0 |
 Rajshahi | 9.3 | 17.2 | 10.2 | 10.8 | 2.7 | 0.0 | - | - | 8.3 | 13.1 | 10.8 | 9.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | - | - |
 Khulna | 9.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 9.8 | 1.0 | 19.8 | 20.2 | 16.5 | 6.5 | 9.7 | 7.1 | 9.5 | 9.0 | 25.9 | 20.9 | 0.0 |
 Barisal | 32.3 | 5.2 | 20.3 | 29.0 | 24.1 | 38.5 | 54.1 | 0.0 | 32.9 | 22.5 | 41.2 | 6.9 | 32.2 | 34.5 | 40.8 | 0.0 |
 Sylhet | 16.9 | 23.6 | 7.1 | 20.4 | 34.6 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 17.2 | 19.0 | 6.3 | 37.6 | 18.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 23.3 |
  p value | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | ||||||||
HHa member (%) | 82 | 18 | 17.8 | 82.2 | 40.6 | 59.4 | 68.9 | 31.1 | 48.7 | 51.3 | 61.4 | 38.6 | 81.6 | 18.4 | 91.5 | 8.5 |
HH (%) | 82 | 18 | 18 | 82 | 41 | 59 | 69 | 31 | 49 | 51 | 61 | 39 | 82 | 18 | 91.5 | 8.5 |