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Table 4 Status of chemical parameters by WHO and Bangladesh drinking water standard (%)

From: Water Quality Index for measuring drinking water quality in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study

Characteristics

WHO drinking water standard (mg/L)

Bangladesh drinking water standard (mg/L)

Mn

Fe

NaCl

As

Mn

Fe

NaCl

As

≤0.4

>0.4

≤0.3

>0.3

≤250

>250

≤0.01

>0.01

≤0.1

>0.1

≤1.0

>1.0

≤600

>600

≤0.05

>0.05

Sex

 Male

50.3

52.8

50.8

50.8

51.7

50.3

50.0

52.3

50.3

51.2

51.8

48.9

51.9

46.1

50.2

56.7

 Female

49.7

47.2

49.2

49.2

48.3

49.7

50.0

47.7

49.7

48.8

48.2

51.1

48.1

53.9

49.8

43.3

  p value

0.462

0.995

0.643

0.691

0.709

0.290

0.109

0.495

Age(years)

 ≤4

7.1

8.3

8.7

7.0

7.2

7.1

7.1

6.5

6.5

7.8

4.6

6.9

7.2

7.0

7.0

6.7

 5-20

35.6

30.9

37.0

34.3

35.0

35.7

35.6

39.3

37.4

32.5

34.5

34.5

35.5

34.9

35.1

53.3

 21–40

30.4

32.8

28.7

31.3

32.0

32.1

31.8

23.4

29.2

32.3

30.3

32.2

31.9

32.8

30.1

20.0

 41–60

20.0

21.5

18.9

20.5

20.2

17.9

17.2

24.3

20.4

20.2

20.9

18.9

19.0

17.9

19.3

20.0

 ≥61

7.0

6.4

6.8

6.9

5.6

7.2

8.4

6.5

6.5

7.2

6.7

7.5

6.4

7.4

8.5

90.0

  p value

0.6623

0.720

0.707

0.358

0.318

0.805

0.975

0.199

Educational level

 No education

7.1

9.8

8.8

7.3

9.5

6.8

7.5

5.0

5.7

9.4

8.0

7.1

8.0

7.1

6.9

5.0

 Primary

20.0

21.2

19.2

20.4

25.9

22.2

15.0

28.3

19.9

20.7

20.9

18.9

26.3

12.7

17.9

30.0

 Secondary

20.6

26.5

14.4

22.8

17.2

21.2

21.1

20.0

19.4

23.8

19.5

24.2

19.2

21.4

20.8

20.0

 Higher secondary and above

52.2

42.4

57.6

49.4

47.5

49.8

56.4

46.7

55.1

46.2

51.7

49.8

46.5

58.7

54.3

45.0

  p value

0.166

0.152

0.257

0.175

0.032**

0.443

0.010**

0.623

Household economic status

 Ultra-poor

30.1

32.2

24.4

31.8

21.3

19.1

26.4

27.5

27.7

32.8

30.2

30.4

20.3

18.5

25.9

36.7

 Poor

36.1

42.7

36.1

37.5

42.3

38.6

33.5

42.2

39.0

35.8

36.0

38.3

41.9

31.9

33.6

63.3

 Non-poor

33.8

25.1

39.5

30.7

36.4

42.3

40.1

30.3

33.3

31.4

33.8

31.3

37.7

49.6

40.5

0.0

  p value

0.018**

0.010**

0.107

0.168

0.097*

0.551

0.003***

0.000***

Access to media at home

 No access to media

48.4

50.9

35.7

51.7

82.6

58.3

65.3

35.8

46.6

51.2

52.7

40.8

66.2

76.7

56.1

56.7

 Access to media

51.6

49.1

64.3

48.3

17.4

41.7

34.7

64.2

53.4

48.8

47.3

59.2

33.8

23.3

43.9

43.3

  p value

0.447

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.070*

0.000***

0.002***

0.950

NGO membership

    

 No membership

54.0

57.3

56.4

54.2

60.7

59.3

58.7

61.5

54.0

55.4

52.2

59.2

58.6

65.5

60.4

50.0

 Member of any NGO

46.0

42.7

43.6

45.8

39.3

40.7

41.3

38.5

46.0

44.6

47.8

40.8

41.4

34.5

39.6

50.0

  p value

0.324

0.513

0.622

0.622

0.579

0.009**

0.051**

0.265

Wealth index

 Lowest

22.1

27.0

28.9

21.7

22.6

21.1

38.4

0.0

20.1

25.9

25.0

20.9

22.0

20.4

28.8

0.0

 Second

20.2

21.7

17.3

21.2

18.3

19.1

12.2

9.2

15.6

24.8

21.5

18.2

17.2

25.8

11.1

13.3

 Middle

19.0

12.4

19.2

17.5

31.2

24.3

28.3

20.2

21.2

14.7

20.9

13.2

26.6

29.4

26.9

13.3

 Fourth

17.0

20.6

16.9

17.8

20.2

17.2

5.5

48.6

17.1

18.2

16.4

19.8

20.0

11.3

15.2

60.0

 Highest

21.6

18.4

17.7

21.8

7.7

18.3

15.6

22.0

26.0

16.4

16.2

28.0

14.2

13.1

18.0

13.3

  p value

0.031**

0.066*

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.004***

0.000***

Water sources by type

 Shallow tubewell

38.2

78.3

72.9

39.4

74.2

28.4

31.0

70.6

43.0

47.8

42.9

47.2

52.8

21.1

40.2

76.7

 Deep tubewell

50.0

21.7

27.1

48.8

1.8

68.6

69.0

29.4

49.4

40.4

42.2

50.9

33.1

78.9

59.8

23.3

 Others

11.8

0.0

0.0

11.8

24.1

2.9

0.0

0.0

7.6

11.8

14.9

1.9

14.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

  p value

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

Division

 Dhaka

6.6

12.7

11.7

6.8

36.0

40.1

9.1

67.9

6.5

8.9

7.4

8.5

38.1

39.7

22.7

76.7

 Chittagong

25.4

39.7

50.8

23.0

1.6

0.0

16.5

9.2

28.7

26.9

27.2

28.4

0.8

0.0

15.6

0.0

 Rajshahi

9.3

17.2

10.2

10.8

2.7

0.0

-

-

8.3

13.1

10.8

9.0

1.4

0.0

-

-

 Khulna

9.5

1.5

0.0

9.8

1.0

19.8

20.2

16.5

6.5

9.7

7.1

9.5

9.0

25.9

20.9

0.0

 Barisal

32.3

5.2

20.3

29.0

24.1

38.5

54.1

0.0

32.9

22.5

41.2

6.9

32.2

34.5

40.8

0.0

 Sylhet

16.9

23.6

7.1

20.4

34.6

1.7

0.0

6.4

17.2

19.0

6.3

37.6

18.5

0.0

0.0

23.3

  p value

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

0.000***

HHa member (%)

82

18

17.8

82.2

40.6

59.4

68.9

31.1

48.7

51.3

61.4

38.6

81.6

18.4

91.5

8.5

HH (%)

82

18

18

82

41

59

69

31

49

51

61

39

82

18

91.5

8.5

  1. *p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01
  2. aHousehold