|
Groups
|
Control
|
Intervention
|
Adjusted mean difference to controlsa
| |
|---|
|
Variables
|
Pre
|
Post
|
Pre
|
Post
|
P valuea
|
|---|
|
Energy intake (kkal/day)
|
1867 ± 587
|
1888 ± 581
|
1731 ± 638
|
2087 ± 664
|
+222 (−54–499)
|
0.113
|
|
Protein intake (g)
|
58.6 ± 5.8
|
58.9 ± 5.8
|
55.6 ± 2.3
|
73.6 ± 3.3
|
+15.6 (4.1–27.1)
|
0.008b
|
|
(% of energy)
|
13 ± 0
|
12 ± 8
|
13 ± 2
|
14 ± 4
|
+1.9 (0.2–3.7)
|
0.025b
|
|
Carbohydrate intake (g)
|
242.7 ± 96.7
|
237.2 ± 94.2
|
219.6 ± 89.4
|
255.7 ± 107.6
|
+23.5 (−21.6–68.6)
|
0.304
|
|
(% of energy)
|
34 ± 7
|
36 ± 6
|
35 ± 6
|
35 ± 7
|
−0.5 (−5.3–4.1)
|
0.806
|
|
Fat intake (g)
|
71.2 ± 23.8
|
75.9 ± 21.3
|
67.7 ± 28.0
|
82.9 ± 25.0
|
+7.8 (−2.3–18.1)
|
0.130
|
|
(% of energy)
|
52 ± 7
|
50 ± 7
|
51 ± 7
|
49 ± 8
|
−1.7 (−6.9–3.5)
|
0.512
|
|
Dietary fiber (g/day)
|
21.5 ± 7.8
|
22.3 ± 8.2
|
21.7 ± 7.5
|
25.7 ± 8.3
|
+3.2 (−0.4–6.9)
|
0.084
|
|
Calcium intake (mg/day)
|
652.8 ± 20.6
|
682.2 ± 282.9
|
688.3 ± 32.4
|
813.7 ± 346.7
|
+152.6 (14.7–290.5)
|
0.030b
|
|
Magnesium intake (mg/day)
|
235.2 ± 63.0
|
246.8 ± 78.4
|
235.7 ± 87.1
|
289.5 ± 96.3
|
+43.1 (4.1–82.0)
|
0.031b
|
|
Iron (mg)
|
9.8 ± 3.0
|
10.1 ± 3.4
|
9.8 ± 3.3
|
11.8 ± 3.6
|
+1.7 (0.2–3.3)
|
0.025b
|
|
Zinc (mg)
|
9.1 ± 2.8
|
8.8 ± 2.5
|
8.8 ± 3.3
|
10.7 ± 3.4
|
+2.0 (0.7–3.3)
|
0.003b
|
|
Folate (μcg)
|
282.7 ± 88.5
|
284.2 ± 91.3
|
265.8 ± 92.0
|
296.0 ± 114.7
|
+12.0 (−32.7–58.8)
|
0.573
|
|
Fruit intake (pieces/day)
|
1.6 ± 1.1
|
1.5 ± 1.0
|
1.7 ± 1.0
|
2.1 ± 1.3
|
+0.4 (−0.5–1.04)
|
0.078
|
|
Vegetable intake (g/day)
|
213 ± 108
|
204 ± 129
|
176 ± 102
|
283 ± 132
|
+73. 6 (12.5–134.7 )
|
0.019b
|
-
CI confidence interval. Missing for each groups, n = 6. Control, n = 45; intervention, n = 45
-
aANCOVA, mean group differences adjusted for baseline intake of the outcome variable (pretest), prepregnancy age, BMI, education year, and gravidity
-
bThere were significant differences between groups, p < 0.05
