Table 3 Effect of wealth and other factors on risk of death among children in Ghana-Estimated with Gamma Frailty

 Wealth status

−0.116 ^a

−0.272^a

−0.095

(0.054)

(0.111)

(0.072)

 Poorest

0.523 ^a

(0.234)

 Poor

0.405 ^b

(0.212)

 Middle

0.298

(0.195)

 Richer

0.245

(0.189)

 20–29

0.241

0.246

0.238

0.197

(0.289)

(0.289)

(0.289)

(0.358)

 30–39

0.087

0.093

0.070

0.126

(0.315)

(0.316)

(0.316)

(0.399)

 Over 40

−0.278

−0.269

−0.305

−0.389

(0.389)

(0.370)

(0.371)

(0.485)

 Primary

0.0001

−0.002

0.009

0.128

(0.139)

(0.139)

(0.139)

(0.889)

 Secondary or higher

−0.437^c

−0.432^c

−0.457^c

−0.118

(0.163)

(0.163)

(0.164)

(0.216)

 Primary

−0.195

−0.195

−0.184

−0.509^a

(0.173)

(0.173)

(0.174)

(0.248)

 Secondary or higher

−0.405^c

−0.403^c

−0.410^c

−0.367^b

(0.137)

(0.137)

(0.137)

(0.183)

 Safe water

0.012

0.013

0.048

0.024

(0.116)

(0.119)

(0.119)

(0.157)

 Improved sanitation

0.187

0.186

0.144

0.082

(0.146)

(0.149)

(0.147)

(0.191)

 Male

−0.025

−0.025

−0.028

0.016

(0.099)

(0.099)

(0.099)

(0.133)

 Birth order

0.073^a

0.072^a

0.076^a

0.065

(0.033)

(0.033)

(0.033)

(0.046)

 Below 24

0.517^c

0.514^c

0.524^c

0.711^c

(0.164)

(0.164)

(0.165)

(0.208)

 Above 36

−0.499^c

−0.501^c

−0.502^c

−0.493^c

(0.120)

(0.120)

(0.121)

(0.167)

 Number of children aged ≤5

−1.268^c

−1.266^c

−1.270^c

−1.042^c

(0.075)

(0.075)

(0.075)

(0.098)

 Twin

1.90^c

1.810^c

1.899^c

2.047^c

(0.299)

(0.229)

(0.231)

(0.308)

 Urban

−0.126

−0.114

−0.0141

−0.206

(0.143)

(0.147)

(0.145)

(0.194)

 Southern Belt

−0.357^c

−0.362^a

−0.350^a

−0.417^b

(0.170)

(0.170)

(0.170)

(0.230)

 Ashanti-Brong

−0.496^c

−0.500^c

−0.486^c

−0.598^a

(0.179)

(0.179)

(0.180)

(0.244)

 Eastern-Volta

−0.599^c

−0.606^c

−0.585^c

−0.587^a

(0.197)

(0.199)

(0.198)

(0.259)

  Christianity

−0.167

−0.169

−0.131

−0.122

(0.189)

(0.189)

(0.190)

(0.264)

  Muslim

−0.577^b

−0.584^b

−0.559^b

−0.357

(0.297)

(0.298)

(0.299)

(0.382)

  Traditional

−0.221

−0.222

−0.217

0.041

(0.219)

(0.220)

(0.221)

(0.300)

  Others

−0.098

−0.100

−0.063

−0.037

(0.193)

(0.193)

(0.195)

(0.272)

  Year 1998

0.338^b

0.334^b

−0.016

0.219

(0.195)

(0.195)

(0.352)

(0.247)

  Year 2003

0.126

0.123

−0.350

−0.122

(0.195)

(0.195)

(0.374)

(0.250)

  Year 2008

0.03

0.023

−0.721^b

−0.026

(0.206)

(0.206)

(0.412)

(0.261)

  (Wealth) × (year 1993)

−0.272 ^a

(0.111)

  (Wealth) × (year 1998)

0.135

(0.121)

  (Wealth) × (year 2003)

0.181

(0.126)

  (Wealth) × (year 2008)

0.277 ^a

(0.135)

  Log α (shape parameter)

−0.226^c

−0.227^c

−0.224^a

0.095

(0.050)

(0.05)

(0.051)

(0.072)

  Log likelihood

−2290

−2290

−2287

−1388

  Prob > chi-square

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

  Theta, θ

1.305^a

1.310^a

1.374^a

3.001^b

(0.669)

(0.669)

(0.695)

(2.427)

  Prob > chi-square for θ

0.005

0.004

0.004

0.057