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Table 6 Effect of wealth and other factors on child survival in Ghana-Estimated with Standard Weibull

From: The impact of household wealth on child survival in Ghana

Variables

All under-fives

Infants

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

 

Coefficient (s. e.)

 

Household level

    

 Wealth status

−0.120 a

 

−0.257a

−0.096

(0.050)

 

(0.105)

(0.067)

 Poorest

 

0.523 a

  
 

(0.234)

  

 Poor

 

0.405 a

  
 

(0.212)

  

 Middle

 

0.298

  
 

(0.195)

  

 Richer

 

0.245

  
 

(0.189)

  

Mothers’ age (years)

 20–29

0.225

0.232

0.217

0.226

(0.272)

(0.273)

(0.272)

(0.336)

 30–39

0.136

0.147

0.119

0.197

(0.295)

(0.296)

(0.295)

(0.369)

 Over 40

−0.178

−0.164

−0.201

−0.183

(0.344)

(0.345)

(0.345)

(0.446)

Mothers’ education

 Primary

(0.0030)

−0.002

0.004

0.155

(0.127)

(0.127)

(0.127)

(0.173)

 Secondary or higher

−0.384a

−0.377a

−0.399b

−0.094

(0.152)

(0.152)

(0.152)

(0.201)

Fathers’ education

 Primary

−0.148

−0.149

−0.134

−0.453c

(0.160)

(0.160)

(0.160)

(0.229)

 Secondary or higher

−0.407b

−0.407b

−0.0409b

−0.374a

(0.127)

(0.127)

(0.127)

(0.169)

 Safe water

−0.004

−0.009

0.028

0.007

(0.107)

(0.110)

(0.110)

(0.144)

 Improved sanitation

0.256c

0.254c

0.128

0.128

(0.133)

(0.135)

(0.134)

(0.177)

Individual level

 Male

−0.039

−0.039

−0.042

0.023

(0.091)

(0.091)

(0.091)

(0.123)

 Birth order

0.059c

0.058c

0.061a

0.049

(0.030)

(0.030)

0.030

(0.041)

Preceding birth interval (months)

 Below 24

0.361a

0.357a

0.362a

0.607b

(0.141)

(0.141)

(0.141)

(0.180)

 Above 36

−0.448b

−0.451b

−0.449b

−0.429b

(0.110)

(0.110)

(0.111)

(0.150)

 No. of children aged ≤5

−1.185b

−1.183b

−1.185b

−0.973b

(0.064)

(0.064)

(0.064)

(0.082)

 Twin

1.571b

1.571b

1.566b

1.300b

(0.175)

(0.175)

(0.175)

(0.211)

Community level

 Urban

−0.074

−0.060

−0.083

−0.153

(0.134)

(0.138)

(0.134)

(0.180)

Regional distribution

 Southern Belt

−0.391a

−0.398a

−0.382a

−0.426a

(0.155)

(0.156)

(0.155)

(0.209)

 Ashanti-Brong

−0.514b

−0.516b

−0.497b

−0.595b

(0.166)

(0.166)

(0.166)

(0.228)

 Eastern-Volta

−0.632b

−0.641b

−0.618b

−0.59a

(0.183)

(0.185)

(0.183)

(0.241)

Religion

 Christianity

−0.203

−0.205

–0.176

–0.123

(0.173)

(0.173)

(0.174)

(0.244)

 Muslim

–0.567a

–0.569a

–0.557c

–0.325

(0.280)

(0.280)

(0.281)

(0.358)

 Traditional

–0.208

–.0208

–0.207

0.057

(0.203)

(0.203)

(0.204)

(0.278)

 Others

–0.068

–0.069

–0.041

0.001

(0.177)

(0.177)

(0.177)

(0.270)

Community level

 Period

  Year 1998

0.254

0.249

–0.039

0.195

(0.181)

(0.181)

(0.337)

(0.228)

  Year 2003

0.093

0.087

–0.309

–0.142

(0.183)

(0183)

(0.348)

(0.233)

  Year 2008

0.021

–0.027

–0.682

–0.066

(0.194)

(0.194)

(0.382)

(0.242)

  (Wealth) × (year 1993)

  

–0.257 a

 
  

(0.105)

 

  (Wealth) × (year 1998)

  

0.111

 
  

(0.114)

 

  (Wealth) × (year 2003)

  

0.155

 
  

(0.118)

 

  (Wealth) × (year 2008)

  

0.247 a

 
  

(0.126)

 

  Log α (shape parameter)

–0.292b

–0.292b

–0.292b

0.039

(0.042)

(0.042)

(0.042)

(0.059)

  Log likelihood

–2293

–2293

–2291

–1389

  Prob > chi-square

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

  1. aIndicates significance at 5%
  2. bIndicates 1% significance level
  3. cIndicates significance at 10% level