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Table 1 Sex-specific demographic, clinical, and behavioral risk factor prevalence in adolescents of a Shantytown in Lima, Peru

From: High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Peruvian adolescents living in a peri-urban shantytown: a cross-sectional study

Variable

Total

Male

Female

p value

 

N

%, (95% CI)

N

%, (95% CI)

N

%, (95% CI)

 

Demographics

Gender

275

 

120

43.6, (37.9, 49.6)

155

56.4, (50.4, 62.2)

 

Age (years)

275

(μ, SD) 14, 1

120

14, 1

155

14, 1

 

2015 school grade

275

 

120

 

155

  

 First

74

26.9, (22.0, 32.5)

37

30.8, (23.1, 39.8)

37

23.9, (17.8, 31.3)

 

 Second

73

26.5, (21.6, 32.1)

27

22.5, (15.8, 31.0)

46

29.7, (23.0, 37.4)

 

 Third

62

22.5, (18.0, 27.9)

32

26.7, (19.4, 35.4)

30

19.4, (13.8, 26.4)

 

 Fourth

66

24.0, (19.3, 29.4)

24

20.0, (13.7, 28.2)

42

27.1, (20.6, 34.7)

 

Household population

269

(μ, SD) 5, 2

116

5, 3

153

5, 2

 

Health visit

262

38.2, (32.5, 44.2)

111

31.5, (23.5, 40.9)

151

43.0, (35.3, 51.1)

 

Family history (FH)a

273

 

118

 

155

  

 Diabetes (DM)

 

16.9, (12.8, 21.8)

 

15.3, (9.8, 23.1)

 

18.1, (12.7, 25.0)

 

 Hypertension (HTN)

 

13.6, (10.0, 18.2)

 

13.6, (8.4, 21.1)

 

13.6, (9.0, 20.0)

 

 High cholesterol

 

23.2, (18.5, 28.6)

 

22.9, (16.1, 31.5)

 

23.4 (17.3, 30.8)

 

 Heart disease

 

9.9, (6.9, 14.1)

 

7.6, (4.0, 14.1)

 

11.6 (7.4, 17.8)

 

Clinical risk factors

Nutritional statusb

266

 

115

 

151

 

0.78

 Normal weight

 

72.2, (66.5, 77.3)

 

71.3, (62.2, 78.9)

 

72.9, (65.1, 79.4)

 

 Overweight, obese

 

27.8, (22.7, 33.5)

 

28.7, (21.1, 37.8)

 

27.2, (20.6, 34.9)

 

Abdominal obesityc

266

24.8, (20.0, 30.4)

115

26.1, (18.8, 35.0)

151

23.8, (17.7, 31.4)

0.67

Hypertensiond

266

 

115

 

151

 

0.002

 Normal BP

 

72.2, (66.5, 77.3)

 

62.6, (53.3, 71.1)

 

79.5, (72.2, 85.2)

 

 Abnormal BP

 

27.8, (22.7, 33.6)

 

37.4, (28.9, 46.7)

 

20.5, (14.8, 27.8)

 

Anemia (mild, mod)c

265

28.7, (23.5, 34.5)

114

23.7, (16.7, 32.5)

151

32.5, (25.4, 40.4)

0.12

Total Cholesterolf

266

 

115

 

151

 

0.57

 Normal

 

54.5, (48.5, 60.4)

 

56.5, (47.2, 65.4)

 

53.0, (44.9, 60.9)

 

 Abnormal

 

45.5, (39.6, 51.6)

 

43.5, (34.6, 52.8)

 

47.0, (39.1, 55.1)

 

FBGg

183

 

70

 

113

 

0.02

 Normal

 

29.0, (22.8, 36.0)

 

22.9, (14.3, 34.4)

 

32.7, (24.6, 42.0)

 

 Abnormal

 

71.0, (64.0, 77.2)

 

77.1, (65.6, 85.7)

 

67.3, (58.0, 75.4)

 

Behavioral risk factors

Physical activityh

265

%, (95% CI)

114

%, (95% CI)

151

%, (95% CI)

0.002

 Adequate

 

9.4, (6.4, 13.6)

 

15.8, (10.1, 23.8)

 

4.6, (2.2, 9.5)

 

 Inadequate

 

90.6, (86.4, 93.6)

 

84.2, (76.2, 89.9)

 

95.4, (90.5, 97.8)

 

Sedentary behavior

265

(μ, SD)

 

(μ, SD)

 

(μ, SD)

 

 Television (hours/day)

 

3.4, 3.6

 

3.1, 4.2

 

3.4, 2.9

 

 Cell phone (hours/day)

 

3.9, 5.5

 

3.6, 5.3

 

3.1, 4.2

 

 Internet (hours/day)

 

2.1, 4.1

 

2.4, 3.8

 

2.2, 4.6

 

Dietaryi

274

%, (95% CI)

119

%, (95% CI)

155

%, (95% CI)

 

 Ideal fruit intake

 

42.3, (36.6, 48.3)

 

37.0, (28.7, 46.1)

 

53.6, (45.6, 61.3)

0.12

 Poor fruit intake

 

57.7, (51.7, 63.4)

 

63.0, (53.9, 71.3)

 

46.5, (38.7, 54.4)

 

 Ideal veg. intake

 

32.1, (26.8, 37.9)

 

33.6, (25.6,4 2.7)

 

31.0, (61.2, 75.9)

0.64

 Poor veg. intake

 

67.9 (62.1, 73.2)

 

66.4, (57.3, 74.4)

 

69.0, (61.2, 75.9)

 

 Frequent salt use

273

11.4, (8.1, 15.7)

118

8.5, (4.6, 15.2)

155

13.6, (9.0, 20.0)

0.19

Substance usej

 

%, (95% CI)

 

%, (95% CI)

 

%, (95% CI)

 

 Tobacco Use

257

16.3, (12.3, 21.4)

112

18.8, (12.5, 27.2)

145

14.5, (9.6, 21.3)

0.36

 FH tobacco use

246

14.2, (10.4, 19.2)

107

13.1, (7.8, 21.0)

139

15.1, (10.0, 22.2)

0.65

 Alcohol use

247

49.4, (43.2, 55.7)

110

50.0, (40.6, 59.4)

137

48.9, (40.5, 57.3)

0.86

 FH alcohol abuse

245

17.1, (12.9, 22.4)

108

17.6, (11.4, 26.1)

137

16.8, (11.4, 24.1)

0.87

 Marijuana use

253

4.3, (2.4, 7.7)

106

4.7, (1.9, 11.0)

147

4.1,(1.8, 8.9)

0.81

Mental healthk

 

%, (95% CI)

 

%, (95% CI)

 

%, (95% CI)

 

 Depression

246

55.3, (49.0, 61.4)

106

40.6, (31.5, 50.3)

140

66.4, (58.1, 73.8)

<0.0001

 Anhedonia

242

60.3, (54.0, 66.2)

100

50.0, (40.2, 59.8)

142

67.6, (59.4, 74.9)

0.006

 FH mental illness

227

16.7, (12.4, 22.2)

99

8.1, (4.0, 15.5)

128

23.4, (16.8, 31.7)

0.002

 Self-harm

248

28.2, (22.9, 34.2)

108

15.7, (9.9, 24.0)

140

37.9, (30.1, 46.3)

<0.0001

Violencel

 

%, (95% CI)

 

%, (95% CI)

 

%, (95% CI)

 

 Physical, home

253

28.9, (23.6, 34.8)

113

25.7, (18.4, 34.6)

140

31.4, (24.2, 39.7)

0.31

 Physical, school

262

7.6, (5.0, 11.6)

115

10.4, (6.0, 17.6)

147

5.4, (2.7, 10.6)

0.13

 Sexual

260

2.7, (1.3, 5.6)

113

0.9, (0.1, 6.2)

147

4.1, (1.8, 8.9)

0.11

  1. aMajority of participants denied FH knowledge: 35.9% for DM, 54.6% for HTN, 39.3% for cholesterol, and 26.0% for heart disease answered “don’t know”
  2. bAge and gender-specific percentiles used WHO guidelines for adolescents [14] to define: “Normal weight” as 5 < BMI% > 85, and “Abnormal weight” as 85 < BMI% > 95 (overweight) and BMI% > 95 (obese)
  3. cAbdominal obesity defined as participants with “high” and “very high” future risk secondary to waist circumference as per national cut-offs from the Peruvian NIH and Ministry of Health [29]
  4. dPeruvian NIH and Ministry of Health [29] defined “No anemia” as >12 g/dL for females and >13 g/dL for males, and “Anemia” as <11 g/dL for both genders
  5. eAge, gender, and height-specific percentiles used NIH [50] guidelines for adolescents to define: “Normal BP” as 5 < BP% > 85, “Abnormal BP” as 85 < BP% > 95 (prehypertension), and BP% > 95 (hypertension I)
  6. fAHA cardiovascular ideals for adolescents [2] defined cholesterol as “Normal” if <170 mg/dL and “Abnormal” if >170 mg/dL. POC machine reading of “lo” included as “normal”
  7. gAHA cardiovascular ideal for adolescents [2] defined fasting blood glucose (FBG) as “Normal” if <100 mg/dL and “Abnormal” if >100 mg/dL. Only participants in fasting state included; 31% of 266 were excluded due to “non-fasting” status
  8. h“Adequate” physical activity determined by daily intense physical activity and “Inadequate” as less than daily physical activity as per adolescent recommendations from AHA cardiovascular ideal [2], CDC YRBSS [11], and CDC NHANES [11, 30]
  9. iAs per AHA cardiovascular ideal [2], CDC YRBSS [11]; CDC NHANES [11, 30] adolescent recommendations, “Ideal” fruit and vegetable intake determined by daily intake (7 days/week) and “Poor” as less than daily; “Frequent salt intake” determined by endorsement of “often or always” putting condiments and salt on food at meals
  10. jSubstance use determined by endorsed lifetime use (one or more) with questions based on surveys from: Peruvian NIH and Ministry of Health [29], CDC Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System (YRBSS), and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) [11, 30,31,32,33]
  11. kRates of depression and anhedonia in the “last 2 weeks” defined by Spanish-language PHQ-2 [33]
  12. lPhysi cal and sexual violence are based on questions from the Spanish-language Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE ) questionnaire [31]
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Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

ISSN: 2072-1315

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