Skip to main content

Table 2 Demographic characteristics of households surveyed for Kenya between 1998 and 2009

From: Temporal changes and determinants of childhood nutritional status in Kenya and Zambia

 

1998

2003

2009

Characteristics

N

% of total

% Stunted

% Wasted

% OW

N

% of total

% Stunted

% Wasted

% OW

N

% of total

% Stunted

% Wasted

% OW

Type of place of residence

 Urban

418

14.3

29.2

6.2

8.6

1076

23.7

27.9

5.8

8.2

1182

23.2

27.3

6.3

5.4

 Rural

2503

85.7

38.4

7.8

7.6

3462

76.3

36.8

7.2

4.7

3914

76.8

36.6

8.7

5.1

Source of drinking water

 Piped

747

25.6

32.9

6.7

9.8

1266

27.9

27.4

4.7

7.8

1392

27.3

29.8

7.4

5.5

 Well

731

25.0

36.7

7.4

8.1

859

18.9

33.4

9.1

4.5

1372

26.9

34.5

8.1

5.0

 Surface water

1360

46.6

39.9

8.2

6.4

2125

46.8

40.2

6.8

4.6

2143

42.1

37.8

8.7

4.8

 Rainwater

33

1.1

36.4

3.0

6.1

288

6.3

30.2

9.4

5.9

189

3.7

30.2

7.4

9.0

Has electricity

 No

2668

91.3

38.7

7.6

7.1

3948

87.0

36.8

7.3

4.6

4302

84.4

36.6

8.7

5.0

 Yes

244

8.4

19.3

6.6

14.3

589

13.0

20.7

3.7

11.7

792

15.5

23.0

4.8

6.6

Toilet type

 Flush toilet

171

5.9

24.0

7.0

12.9

421

9.3

19.2

4.0

11.9

484

9.5

23.3

5.0

8.1

 Pit toilet

2219

76.0

36.0

7.2

8.2

3062

67.5

34.8

4.7

5.2

3320

65.1

33.6

5.9

5.1

 None

517

17.7

46.0

9.5

4.1

1031

22.7

40.6

14.1

4.1

1255

24.6

40.9

14.8

4.5

Has car

 No

2826

96.7

37.6

7.7

7.4

4342

95.7

35.6

7.0

5.3

4924

96.6

35.0

8.2

5.1

 Yes

87

3.0

20.7

3.4

16.1

187

4.1

14.4

2.7

11.2

166

3.3

19.9

4.2

7.8

Has television

 No

2603

89.1

39.0

7.8

7.2

3773

83.1

37.5

7.4

4.8

3961

77.7

37.8

9.0

5.1

 Yes

306

10.5

20.6

5.6

12.1

759

16.7

21.1

3.8

9.5

1129

22.2

22.5

5.2

5.6

Literacy

 Reads easily

1746

59.8

33.3

6.0

8.5

2942

64.8

31.9

4.3

6.4

3061

60.1

31.5

5.1

5.5

 Reads with difficulty

671

23.0

39.0

10.1

6.9

359

7.9

39.8

3.3

4.2

672

13.2

40.0

8.6

6.0

 Cannot read

496

17.0

48.2

9.7

6.3

1228

27.1

40.1

13.9

4.0

1317

25.8

38.6

14.5

4.3

Highest educational level

 No education

335

11.5

47.2

9.0

5.4

826

18.2

39.1

17.1

3.9

1042

20.4

38.4

16.7

4.5

 Primary

1863

63.8

39.8

8.3

7.8

2691

59.3

38.4

5.1

5.4

2908

57.1

37.0

6.3

4.8

 Secondary

672

23.0

26.3

5.2

8.2

825

18.2

23.6

3.3

6.8

878

17.2

26.1

4.7

6.8

 Higher

51

1.7

11.8

2.0

13.7

196

4.3

12.8

3.1

10.2

268

5.3

19.0

5.6

7.1

Head of household

 Male

2148

73.5

37.2

7.3

8.2

3435

75.7

35.0

6.9

5.6

3627

71.2

33.9

8.0

5.2

 Female

773

26.5

36.7

8.3

6.2

1103

24.3

33.9

6.5

5.3

1469

28.8

35.9

8.4

5.3

Child age

 0

1801

37.0

20.0

9.6

11.7

1145

25.2

29.0

6.1

7.7

1161

22.8

20.1

11.4

10.2

 1

1020

34.9

45.1

8.0

5.2

971

21.4

39.1

6.8

4.0

1002

19.7

45.0

7.4

5.7

 2

820

28.1

49.6

4.1

5.6

886

19.5

37.8

6.3

5.8

1058

20.8

43.2

6.8

3.8

 3

 

0.0

   

842

18.6

34.8

8.4

5.0

984

19.3

34.0

5.7

2.4

 4

 

0.0

   

694

15.3

33.9

6.8

4.6

891

17.5

31.4

9.0

2.8

Age of mother

 Under 20

414

14.2

36.7

7.2

9.2

503

11.1

36.2

7.6

7.0

531

10.4

32.8

11.3

6.0

 20–29

1549

53.0

37.5

7.4

7.7

2296

50.6

34.0

6.6

5.1

2557

50.2

33.7

7.5

5.5

 30+

958

32.8

36.5

7.8

7.1

1739

38.3

35.2

6.9

5.8

2008

39.4

35.9

8.1

4.6

Employmenta

 Not currently employed

1414

48.4

37.8

7.3

7.9

1816

40.0

33.6

8.3

6.2

2283

44.8

35.1

10.6

5.5

 Currently employed

1506

51.6

36.5

7.8

7.6

2718

59.9

35.5

5.8

5.2

2812

55.2

33.9

6.1

5.0

Household members

 2–6 members

1756

60.1

37.2

7.9

8.3

2880

63.5

34.2

6.1

6.1

3281

64.4

33.0

7.5

5.9

 7+ members

1165

39.9

36.9

7.0

6.9

1658

36.5

35.6

8.0

4.6

1815

35.6

37.1

9.2

4.0

Wealth index

 Poorest (1)

702

24.0

46.6

8.8

5.0

1124

24.8

43.4

11.7

3.8

1479

29.0

42.1

13.5

5.0

 Poorer (2)

647

22.1

41.0

10.0

7.4

898

19.8

37.5

6.9

3.8

931

18.3

37.7

6.7

4.4

 Middle (3)

567

19.4

35.1

5.8

9.3

843

18.6

33.9

4.5

5.6

850

16.7

32.7

6.1

4.9

 Richer (4)

555

19.0

33.5

5.6

8.1

736

16.2

32.3

5.7

5.6

844

16.6

30.0

6.4

5.1

 Richest (5)

450

15.4

23.6

6.4

9.8

937

20.6

24.1

3.9

9.3

992

19.5

25.3

4.7

6.6

Sex of child

 Male

1453

49.7

42.3

8.0

8.0

2273

50.1

36.0

7.3

5.3

2598

51.0

37.0

8.9

5.3

 Female

1468

50.3

31.9

7.1

7.4

2265

49.9

33.4

6.4

5.8

2498

49.0

31.8

7.3

5.1

  1. Stunted defined by HAZ score, wasted and overweight by WHZ
  2. aEmployment of mother