From: Temporal changes and determinants of childhood nutritional status in Kenya and Zambia
 |  | Kenya | Zambia |  | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | 1998 | 2003 | 2008–09 | 1996 | 2001–02 | 2007 | 2013–14 | |||||||
Household characteristics | OR (CI) | P | OR (CI) | P | OR (CI) | P | OR (CI) | P | OR (CI) | P | OR (CI) | P | OR (CI) | P | |
Wealth index quintile | Poorest | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Poor | 0.82 (0.65 -1.03) | 0.09 | 0.81 (0.69 - 0.97) | 0.02 | 0.82 (0.68 - 0.98) | 0.03 | 0.91 (0.77 - 1.07) | 0.27 | 0.95 (0.81 - 1.12) | 0.54 | 1.09 (0.93 - 1.30) | 0.29 | 0.84 (0.75 - 0.93) | 0.00 | |
Middle | 0.68 (0.53 - 0.86) | 0.00 | 0.70 (0.58 - 0.85) | 0.00 | 0.68 (0.56 - 0.82) | 0.00 | 0.72 (0.61 - 0.86) | 0.00 | 0.79 (0.67 - 0.93) | 0.00 | 0.98 (0.83 - 1.16) | 0.83 | 0.72 (0.64 - 0.81) | 0.00 | |
Rich | 0.64 (0.50 - 0.83) | 0.00 | 0.69 (0.57 - 0.85) | 0.00 | 0.63 (0.52 - 0.77) | 0.00 | 0.56 (0.46 - 0.68) | 0.00 | 0.72 (0.60 - 0.87) | 0.00 | 0.74 (0.62 - 0.89) | 0.00 | 0.67 (0.58 - 0.78) | 0.00 | |
Richest | 0.54 (0.38 - 0.76) | 0.00 | 0.53 (0.43 - 0.65) | 0.00 | 0.66 (0.51 - 0.85) | 0.00 | 0.50 (0.31 - 0.81) | 0.00 | 0.73 (0.46 - 1.15) | 0.17 | 0.84 (0.59 - 1.20) | 0.33 | 0.50 (0.41 - 0.61) | 0.00 | |
Household members | 2-6 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
7+ | . | . | . | . | . | . | 0.87 (0.78 - 0.98) | 0.03 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Setting | Urban vs Rural | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 0.84 (0.75 - 0.94) | 0.00 |
Toilet Type | Flush | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Pit | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1.01 (0.72 - 1.42) | 0.95 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
None | . | . | . | . | . | . | 0.80 (0.55 -1.15) | 0.23 | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
Electricity | No vs Yes | 0.63 (0.41 - 0.99) | 0.04 | . | . | 0.75 (0.58 - 0.97) | 0.03 | 0.69 (0.50 - 0.95) | 0.02 | 0.58 (0.38 - 0.88) | 0.01 | 0.69 (0.51 - 0.95) | 0.02 | . | . |
Family Characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Mother Age | Years | 0.98 (0.97 - 0.99) | 0.01 | . | . | . | . | 0.99 (0.98 - 1.00) | 0.04 | . | . | 0.98 (0.98 - 0.99) | 0.00 | 0.99 (0.98 - 0.99) | 0.00 |
Educational Level (mother) | None | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Primary | 0.74 (0.57 - 0.96) | 0.02 | 1.11 (0.93 - 1.31) | 0.25 | 1.12 (0.95 - 1.32) | 0.17 | 0.88 (0.75 - 1.04) | 0.13 | 0.98 (0.84 - 1.16) | 0.84 | 1.15 (0.96 - 1.36) | 0.12 | 0.98 (0.87 -1.11) | 0.76 | |
Secondary | 0.46 (0.34 - 0.63) | 0.00 | 0.62 (0.49 - 0.78) | 0.00 | 0.79 (0.63 - 0.98) | 0.03 | 0.74 (0.60 - 0.92) | 0.00 | 0.73 (0.59 - 0.90) | 0.00 | 0.93 (0.75 - 1.14) | 0.47 | 0.87 (0.75 - 1.00) | 0.05 | |
Higher | 0.22 (0.09 - 0.54) | 0.00 | 0.34 (0.22 - 0.55) | 0.00 | 0.58 (0.40 - 0.85) | 0.01 | 0.13 (0.06 - 0.27) | 0.00 | 0.39 (0.22 - 0.69) | 0.00 | 0.65 (0.39- 1.06) | 0.09 | 0.43 (0.32 - 0.59) | 0.00 | |
Child age | Months | 1.06 (1.06 - 1.07) | 0.00 | . | . | 1.01 (1.00 - 1.01) | 0.00 | 1.03 (1.02 - 1.03) | 0.00 | . | . | 1.02 (1.01 - 1.02) | 0.00 | 1 (1.00 - 1.01) | 0.00 |
Child Sex | Boy vs Girl | 0.62 (0.53 - 0.72) | 0.00 | 0.88 (0.78 - 0.99) | 0.04 | 0.76 (0.69 - 0.87) | 0.00 | 0.86 (0.77 - 0.96) | 0.01 | . | . | 0.76 (0.68 - 0.85) | 0.00 | 0.82 (0.76 - 0.88) | 0.00 |