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Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression model for risk factors in relation to stunting in children in Kenya (1998–2009) and Zambia (1996–2014)

From: Temporal changes and determinants of childhood nutritional status in Kenya and Zambia

  

Kenya

Zambia

 
  

1998

2003

2008–09

1996

2001–02

2007

2013–14

Household characteristics

OR (CI)

P

OR (CI)

P

OR (CI)

P

OR (CI)

P

OR (CI)

P

OR (CI)

P

OR (CI)

P

Wealth index quintile

Poorest

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Poor

0.82

(0.65 -1.03)

0.09

0.81

(0.69 - 0.97)

0.02

0.82

(0.68 - 0.98)

0.03

0.91

(0.77 - 1.07)

0.27

0.95

(0.81 - 1.12)

0.54

1.09

(0.93 - 1.30)

0.29

0.84

(0.75 - 0.93)

0.00

Middle

0.68

(0.53 - 0.86)

0.00

0.70

(0.58 - 0.85)

0.00

0.68

(0.56 - 0.82)

0.00

0.72

(0.61 - 0.86)

0.00

0.79

(0.67 - 0.93)

0.00

0.98

(0.83 - 1.16)

0.83

0.72

(0.64 - 0.81)

0.00

Rich

0.64

(0.50 - 0.83)

0.00

0.69

(0.57 - 0.85)

0.00

0.63

(0.52 - 0.77)

0.00

0.56

(0.46 - 0.68)

0.00

0.72

(0.60 - 0.87)

0.00

0.74

(0.62 - 0.89)

0.00

0.67

(0.58 - 0.78)

0.00

Richest

0.54

(0.38 - 0.76)

0.00

0.53

(0.43 - 0.65)

0.00

0.66

(0.51 - 0.85)

0.00

0.50

(0.31 - 0.81)

0.00

0.73

(0.46 - 1.15)

0.17

0.84

(0.59 - 1.20)

0.33

0.50

(0.41 - 0.61)

0.00

Household members

2-6

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

7+

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.87

(0.78 - 0.98)

0.03

.

.

.

.

.

.

Setting

Urban vs Rural

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.84

(0.75 - 0.94)

0.00

Toilet Type

Flush

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Pit

.

.

.

.

.

.

1.01

(0.72 - 1.42)

0.95

.

.

.

.

.

.

None

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.80

(0.55 -1.15)

0.23

.

.

.

.

.

.

Electricity

No vs Yes

0.63

(0.41 - 0.99)

0.04

.

.

0.75

(0.58 - 0.97)

0.03

0.69

(0.50 - 0.95)

0.02

0.58

(0.38 - 0.88)

0.01

0.69

(0.51 - 0.95)

0.02

.

.

Family Characteristics

              

Mother Age

Years

0.98

(0.97 - 0.99)

0.01

.

.

.

.

0.99

(0.98 - 1.00)

0.04

.

.

0.98

(0.98 - 0.99)

0.00

0.99

(0.98 - 0.99)

0.00

Educational Level (mother)

None

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Primary

0.74

(0.57 - 0.96)

0.02

1.11

(0.93 - 1.31)

0.25

1.12

(0.95 - 1.32)

0.17

0.88

(0.75 - 1.04)

0.13

0.98

(0.84 - 1.16)

0.84

1.15

(0.96 - 1.36)

0.12

0.98

(0.87 -1.11)

0.76

Secondary

0.46

(0.34 - 0.63)

0.00

0.62

(0.49 - 0.78)

0.00

0.79

(0.63 - 0.98)

0.03

0.74

(0.60 - 0.92)

0.00

0.73

(0.59 - 0.90)

0.00

0.93

(0.75 - 1.14)

0.47

0.87

(0.75 - 1.00)

0.05

Higher

0.22

(0.09 - 0.54)

0.00

0.34

(0.22 - 0.55)

0.00

0.58

(0.40 - 0.85)

0.01

0.13

(0.06 - 0.27)

0.00

0.39

(0.22 - 0.69)

0.00

0.65

(0.39- 1.06)

0.09

0.43

(0.32 - 0.59)

0.00

Child age

Months

1.06

(1.06 - 1.07)

0.00

.

.

1.01

(1.00 - 1.01)

0.00

1.03

(1.02 - 1.03)

0.00

.

.

1.02

(1.01 - 1.02)

0.00

1

(1.00 - 1.01)

0.00

Child Sex

Boy vs Girl

0.62

(0.53 - 0.72)

0.00

0.88

(0.78 - 0.99)

0.04

0.76

(0.69 - 0.87)

0.00

0.86

(0.77 - 0.96)

0.01

.

.

0.76

(0.68 - 0.85)

0.00

0.82

(0.76 - 0.88)

0.00

  1. *Adjusted for all variables in the table, which were selected by forward stepwise regression