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Table 1 Characteristics of study subjects

From: Obesity indices predict hypertension among indigenous adults in Krau Wildlife Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia

Characteristics

Total (N = 482)

Men (n = 223)

Women (n = 259)

p value†

n (%)

Mean [95% CI]

n (%)

Mean [95% CI]

n (%)

Mean [95% CI]

Sub-tribe

      

0.965

 Jah Hut

297 (61.6)

 

136 (61.0)

 

161 (62.2)

  

 Temuan

132 (27.4)

 

62 (27.8)

 

70 (27.0)

  

 Che Wong

53 (11.0)

 

25 (11.2)

 

28 (10.8)

  

Age (years)

 

35.4 [34.3, 36.5]

 

37.5 [35.8, 39.1]

 

33.6 [32.2, 35.1]

<0.01

 18–29

181 (37.5)

 

72 (32.3)

 

109 (42.1)

  

 30–39

123 (25.5)

 

57 (25.6)

 

66 (25.5)

  

 40–49

104 (21.6)

 

49 (22.0)

 

55 (21.2)

  

 ≥50

74 (15.4)

 

45 (20.1)

 

29 (11.2)

  

Drinker

109 (22.6)

 

101 (45.3)

 

8 (3.1)

 

<0.001

Smoker

257 (53.3)

 

160 (71.7)

 

97 (37.5)

 

<0.001

Anthropometric measures

       

 Weight (kg)

 

55.6 [54.5, 56.7]

 

58.4 [57.1, 59.7]

 

53.2 [51.5, 54.9]

<0.001

 Height (cm)a

 

154.0 [153.3, 154.6]

 

159.1 [158.4, 159.9]

 

149.5 [148.8, 150.3]

<0.001

  Short stature

276 (57.3)

 

126 (56.5)

 

150 (57.9)

  

  Normal height

206 (42.7)

 

97 (43.5)

 

109 (42.1)

  

 Hip circumference (cm)

 

92.0 [91.0, 93.0]

 

90.9 [90.7, 92.2]

 

93.0 [91.5, 94.5]

<0.05

Obesity indices

       

 Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2)b

 

23.41 [22.97, 23.83]

 

23.03 [22.57, 23.48]

 

23.73 [23.03, 24.43]

0.098

  Underweight

49 (10.2)

 

12 (5.4)

 

37 (14.2)

  

  Normal

288 (59.8)

 

159 (71.3)

 

129 (49.8)

  

  Overweight

106 (22.0)

 

45 (20.2)

 

61 (23.6)

  

  Obese

39 (8.0)

 

7 (3.1)

 

32 (12.4)

  

 Waist circumference (WC) (cm)c

 

76.6 [75.6, 76.7]

 

76.4 [75.0, 77.7]

 

76.9 [75.3, 78.4]

0.612

  Normal

374 (77.6)

 

201 (90.1)

 

173 (66.8)

  

  At risk

108 (22.4)

 

22 (9.9)

 

86 (33.2)

  

 Waist-height ratio (WHtR)d

 

0.50 [0.49, 0.51]

 

0.48 [0.47, 0.49]

 

0.51 [0.50, 0.52]

<0.001

  Normal

286 (59.3)

 

152 (68.2)

 

134 (51.7)

  

  At risk

196 (40.7)

 

71 (31.8)

 

125 (48.3)

  

 Waist-hip ratio (WHR)e

 

0.83 [0.83, 0.84]

 

0.84 [0.83, 0.85]

 

0.82 [0.81, 0.84]

0.082

  Normal

349 (72.4)

 

184 (82.5)

 

165 (63.7)

  

  At risk

133 (27.6)

 

39 (17.5)

 

94 (36.3)

  

Clinical parameters

      

<0.001

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

 

121 [120, 123]

 

126 [124, 129]

 

117 [115, 119]

<0.001

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

 

81 [80, 82]

 

84 [82, 85]

 

80 [78, 81]

 

Hypertension

123 (25.5)

 

70 (31.4)

 

53 (20.5)

 

<0.01

  1. †Comparison between men and women
  2. aShort stature (men ≤160 cm; women ≤150 cm); normal height (men >160 cm; women >150 cm)
  3. bUnderweight (BMI <18.50 kg/m2); normal (BMI 18.50–24.99 kg/m2); overweight (BMI 25.00–29. 99 kg/m2); obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2)
  4. cNormal (men <90 cm; women: <80 cm); at risk (men ≥90 cm; women ≥80 cm)
  5. dNormal (<0.50); at risk (≥0.50)
  6. eNormal (men <0.9; women <0.85); at risk (men ≥0.9; women ≥0.85)