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Table 6 Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure and expenditure on medicine for seeking care for under-five children

From: Out-of-pocket expenditure for seeking health care for sick children younger than 5 years of age in Bangladesh: findings from cross-sectional surveys, 2009 and 2012

 

Total OPE1

Expenditure on medicine1

 

Coefficient

P value

Coefficient

P value

Illness type

 Non-priority2

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Priority3

0.20

< 0.000

0.12

< 0.000

Provider type

 Untrained

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Public trained

0.90

< 0.000

0.48

< 0.000

 Private trained

1.77

< 0.000

0.70

< 0.000

 Non-government organization

− 0.24

0.157

− 0.30

0.061

Mother’s education

 No education

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Primary incomplete (1–4 years)

− 0.01

0.719

0.01

0.806

 Primary complete (5 years)

0.05

0.218

0.03

0.391

 Secondary incomplete (6–9 years)

0.19

< 0.000

0.06

0.101

 Secondary complete or higher (10+ years)

0.19

< 0.05

0.16

< 0.05

Wealth quintiles

 Poorest

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Second

− 0.01

0.817

0.01

0.810

 Middle

− 0.05

0.215

− 0.02

0.592

 Fourth

− 0.04

0.327

0.01

0.801

 Highest

− 0.08

0.079

− 0.02

0.678

Location of household

 Plain land

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Hard-to-reach areas

0.20

< 0.000

0.10

< 0.001

Increase of expenditure from 2009 to 2012

 2009

Ref

 

Ref

 

 2012

0.85

< 0.000

0.22

< 0.000

Area

 Comparison

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Intervention

0.06

0.090

0.01

0.854

Interaction of area and time

− 0.06

0.304

0.09

0.091

  1. 1The 2009 and 2012 expenditure have been combined
  2. 2Non-priority illness: children who had a cough or cold, acute or chronic ear infection, diarrhea with no dehydration, anemia, or fever without malaria
  3. 3Priority illness: children who had pneumonia, diarrhea with dehydration, dysentery, malaria, or measles