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Table 3 Predictive validity of 18-month ECD assessments in Ghana

From: A method to develop vocabulary checklists in new languages and their validity to assess early language development

 

18-month domain:

Language

Motor

Executive function

Socioemotional

Home environment

 

18-month score:

CDI vocabulary checklist

KDI fine motor

KDI gross motor

KDI total motor

A not B total correct

A not B perseverative errors1

PSED competence

PSED problems1

PSED total1

FCI variety of play materials

FCI activities with caregivers

FCI total score

Preschool domain:

Preschool score:

           

Cognitive

Cognitive factor score

0.26**

0.09†

–2

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.13**

0.08†

0.11**

Cognitive

Pre-academic score

0.24**

0.08†

–

0.09*

–

–

–

–

–

0.16**

0.18**

0.17**

Cognitive

Paired-associate memory score

0.16**

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Cognitive

Block design score

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.14**

–

0.14**

Language

Language score

0.25**

0.08†

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.07†

–

–

Executive Function

Visual search speed1

− 0.12**

− 0.11**

− 0.09†

− 0.13**

–

–

–

–

–

− 0.13**

− 0.12**

− 0.13**

Executive function

Inhibitory control: head/toe

0.16**

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Executive function

Inhibitory control: delay of gratification

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Fine motor

Pegboard fine motor speed1

− 0.13**

−  0.08†

–

− 0.09†

–

–

–

–

–

− 0.08†

–

− 0.08†

Socioemotional

SDQ total difficulties1

–

–

–

− 0.08†

–

–

− 0.08†

0.10*

0.10*

–

–

–

Socioemotional

SDQ prosocial

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.08†

–

Socioemotional

Behavior rating scale

− 0.17**

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

− 0.08†

–

− 0.08†

  1. Ns for individual correlations range from 779 to 869. All p values were corrected for multiple hypothesis testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg correction
  2. 1A lower score represents better performance
  3. 2A dash (–) represents a correlation that was not significant or a trend (p > 0.1)
  4. †p < 0.1
  5. *p < 0.05
  6. **p < 0.01