A method to develop vocabulary checklists in new languages and their validity to assess early language development

Table 3 Predictive validity of 18-month ECD assessments in Ghana

	18-month domain:	Language	Motor			Executive function		Socioemotional			Home environment
	18-month score:	CDI vocabulary checklist	KDI fine motor	KDI gross motor	KDI total motor	A not B total correct	A not B perseverative errors¹	PSED competence	PSED problems¹	PSED total¹	FCI variety of play materials	FCI activities with caregivers	FCI total score
Preschool domain:	Preschool score:
Cognitive	Cognitive factor score	0.26**	0.09^†	–²	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.13**	0.08^†	0.11**
Cognitive	Pre-academic score	0.24**	0.08^†	–	0.09^*	–	–	–	–	–	0.16**	0.18**	0.17**
Cognitive	Paired-associate memory score	0.16**	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cognitive	Block design score	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.14**	–	0.14**
Language	Language score	0.25**	0.08^†	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.07^†	–	–
Executive Function	Visual search speed¹	− 0.12**	− 0.11**	− 0.09^†	− 0.13**	–	–	–	–	–	− 0.13**	− 0.12**	− 0.13^
Executive function	Inhibitory control: head/toe	0.16**	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Executive function	Inhibitory control: delay of gratification	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fine motor	Pegboard fine motor speed¹	− 0.13^**	− 0.08^†	–	− 0.09^†	–	–	–	–	–	− 0.08^†	–	− 0.08^†
Socioemotional	SDQ total difficulties¹	–	–	–	− 0.08^†	–	–	− 0.08^†	0.10^*	0.10^*	–	–	–
Socioemotional	SDQ prosocial	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.08^†	–
Socioemotional	Behavior rating scale	− 0.17^**	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	− 0.08^†	–	− 0.08^†

Ns for individual correlations range from 779 to 869. All p values were corrected for multiple hypothesis testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg correction
¹A lower score represents better performance
²A dash (–) represents a correlation that was not significant or a trend (p > 0.1)
†p < 0.1
*p < 0.05
**p < 0.01

ISSN: 2072-1315