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Table 1 Profile of the surveyed households and the eligible woman

From: Utilization of maternal health services and its determinants: a cross-sectional study among women in rural Uttar Pradesh, India

Variables

All women n = 2208

Women from SHG HH n = 1729

Women from Non-SHG HH n = 479

p value

Household characteristics

 Religion (%)

   

0.865

  Hindu

2046 (92.7)

1603 (92.7)

443 (92.5)

 

 Caste (%)

   

< 0.001

  SC/ST

1172 (53.0)

951 (54.9)

221 (46.1)

 

  Other backward caste

772 (35.0)

576 (33.3)

196 (40.9)

 

  Others

264 (12.0)

202 (11.7)

62 (13.0)

 

 Type of family (%)

   

0.003

  Nuclear

992 (44.9)

744 (43.0)

248 (51.8)

 

  Non-nuclear

1216 (55.1)

985 (57.0)

231 (48.2)

 

 Drinking water (%)

   

0.433

  Piped

54 (2.4)

40 (2.3)

14 (2.9)

 

  Pump

2006 (90.9)

1578 (91.3)

428 (89.4)

 

  Other sources

148 (6.7)

111 (6.4)

37 (7.7)

 

 Toilet facility (%)

   

0.041

  Flush

133 (6.0)

96 (5.6)

37 (7.7)

 

  Pit

43 (2.0)

29 (1.7)

14 (2.9)

 

  Open defecation

2032 (92.0)

1604 (92.8)

428 (89.4)

 

 Mean household size (SD)

7.3 (3.1)

7.4 (3.1)

6.8 (3.0)

< 0.001

 Wealth index (%)

   

0.002

  Highest

442 (20.0)

328 (19.0)

114 (23.8)

 

  Second

442 (20.0)

358 (20.7)

84 (17.5)

 

  Middle

441 (20.0)

333 (19.3)

108 (22.6)

 

  Fourth

457 (20.7)

383 (22.2)

74 (15.5)

 

  Lowest

426 (19.3)

327 (18.9)

99 (20.7)

 

Women characteristics

 Mean age (SD) in years

25.5 (4.9)

25.6 (4.9)

25.4 (4.9)

0.429

 Attended school (%)

1155 (52.3)

906 (52.4)

249 (52.0)

0.872

 Educational level (%)

   

0.036

  Up to primary

404 (35.0)

328 (36.2)

76 (30.5)

 

  Up to middle

374 (32.4)

299 (33.0)

75 (30.1)

 

  Up to intermediate

287 (24.9)

217 (24.0)

70 (28.1)

 

  Others

90 (7.8)

62 (6.8)

28 (11.2)

 

 Working (%)

457 (20.7)

381 (22.0)

76 (15.9)

0.003

 Median number of living children (Q1, Q3)

2 (1, 3)

2 (1, 3)

2 (1, 3)

 

 Mass media exposure

  Do not read newspaper (%)

1832 (83.0)

1442 (83.4)

390 (81.4)

0.307

  Do not listen to radio (%)

1754 (79.4)

1364 (78.9)

390 (81.4)

0.225

  Do not watch TV (%)

1384 (62.7)

1091 (63.1)

293 (61.2)

0.439

  Access to at least one of the above media (%)

987 (44.7)

772 (44.7)

215 (44.9)

0.927

 Marginalization (%)

   

0.008

  Non-marginalized

504 (22.8)

377 (21.8)

127 (26.5)

 

  Any one form of marginalization

674 (30.5)

534 (30.9)

140 (29.2)

 

  Any two forms of marginalization

656 (29.7)

504 (29.2)

152 (31.7)

 

  All forms of marginalization

374 (16.9)

314 (18.2)

60 (12.5)

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