Skip to main content

Table 5 Health-seeking behavior for CNCDs: estimated coefficients in multinomial logistic regression model

From: Determinants of health seeking behavior for chronic non-communicable diseases and related out-of-pocket expenditure: results from a cross-sectional survey in northern Bangladesh

Type of health seeking1

No care or self-care vs. qualified professional care

Semi-qualified pr. care vs. qualified professional care

 

β coefficient

95% CI

P value

β coefficient

95% CI

P value

Intercept

− 1.878

− 3.92,

0.16

0.07

− 2.791

− 4.39,

− 1.19

0.001

Individual characteristics

 Primary level education and above (reference group: no schooling)

− 0.624

− 1.07,

− 0.17

0.007

− 0.187

− 0.53,

0.15

0.28

 Have major CNCD (reference group: have minor CNCD)

− 0.523

− 1.01,

− 0.04

0.03

− 0.665

− 1.02,

− 0.31

< 0.001

Household characteristics

 Proportion of CNCD patients in household

1.561

0.64,

2.49

0.001

1.522

0.78,

2.27

< 0.001

 Asset quintile (reference group: 1st quintile)

      

 2nd quintile

− 0.794

− 1.50,

− 0.09

0.03

− 0.893

− 1.44,

− 0.35

0.001

 3rd quintile

− 0.841

− 1.57,

− 0.12

0.02

− 0.872

− 1.43,

− 0.31

0.002

 4th quintile

− 0.498

− 1.19,

0.19

0.16

− 0.783

− 1.33,

− 0.23

0.005

 5th quintile (least poor)

− 0.627

− 1.33,

0.08

0.08

− 0.987

− 1.54,

− 0.43

< 0.001

 Presence of acute illness in household (reference group: no acute illness in household)

− 0.468

− 1.02,

0.08

0.10

0.308

− 0.12,

0.74

0.16

Contextual characteristics

 Distance to sub-district’s public referral health facility

0.140

− 0.03,

0.31

0.11

0.232

0.10,

0.36

< 0.001

 Type of residence (reference group: rural)

      

Urban

0.951

− 0.23,

2.13

0.11

1.297

0.39,

2.21

0.005

 Sub-district of residence (reference group: Rangpur Sadar)

      

  Mithapukur

1.040

0.25,

1.83

0.01

1.458

0.80,

2.12

< 0.001

  Badarganj

− 0.393

− 1.81,

1.03

0.59

0.623

− 0.48,

1.73

0.27

  Pirganj

− 1.166

− 2.35,

0.02

0.05

0.637

− 0.13,

1.40

0.10

  Pirgacha

0.112

− 0.85,

1.07

0.82

1.457

0.71,

2.20

< 0.001

Multinomial logistic regression model specifications:

 Pseudo R2 = 0.1028

X2 (28) = 182.04, P > X2 = 0.0000

 Hausman tests of IIA assumption

X2 (15) = 14.71 (omitted semi-qualified care), P > X2 = 0.473, X2 (15) = 10.37 (omitted no/self-care), P > X2 = 0.796

 Small-Hsiao tests of IIA assumption

X2 (15) = 12.35 (omitted semi-qualified care), P > X2 = 0.652, X2 (15) = 9.27 (omitted no/self-care), P > X2 = 0.863

  1. CNCDs, chronic non-communicable diseases; pr., professional; CI, confidence interval; IIA, independence of irrelevant alternatives
  2. 1We considered qualified professional care seekers as reference category for multinomial logistic regression