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Table 6 Distribution of total out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and expenditure for drugs (in BDT)

From: Determinants of health seeking behavior for chronic non-communicable diseases and related out-of-pocket expenditure: results from a cross-sectional survey in northern Bangladesh

Variable and

sub-category

Total direct OOPE1 (N = 754)2

Expenditure on drugs3 (N = 728) 4

5% trimmed

Median7

5% trimmed

Median10

Mean5

Range6 (min-max)

Mean8

Range9

(min-max)

Type of care sought

No care or self-care

466.2

(10–4050)

200

372.8

(10–3000)

175

Semi-qualified care

765.9

(30–5000)

350

535.1

(30–3000)

300

Qualified care

3224.6

(200–18000)

2000

1811.3

(50–11000)

1000

Age

Productive-age group (15 < 60 years)

1647.5

(50–10500)

800

961.6

(40–6000)

500

Elderly (≥ 60 years)

2495.4

(30–23300)

1000

1727.9

(50–20000)

500

Sex

Male

1753.3

(50–12000)

750

1018.8

(50- 5000)

500

Female

1787.3

(40–13000)

825

1092.0

(40–8000)

500

Education

No schooling

1538.3

(30- 10880)

630

1062.9

(30–8900)

500

Primary education and above

1969.6

(60–13000)

975

1066.5

(50- 6000)

500

Status of occupation

Not income generating

2012.6

(50–14450)

885

1192.0

(50–8000)

500

Income generating

1525.4

(50- 8000)

700

931.0

(40–5000)

500

Being household head

No

1847.1

(50–13005)

910

1122.5

(45–8000)

500

Yes

1652.3

(50–10500)

700

993.3

(40–5000)

500

Type of CNCD

Major CNCD

2313.4

(100–2000)

1250

1343.4

(100–7000)

600

Minor CNCD

1453.3

(40–13000)

550

888.1

(30- 8000)

400

Asset quintile

1st quintile (poorest)

1722.9

(30–15000)

550

1000.7

(30–10000)

500

2nd quintile

1318.5

(50–7200)

700

893.4

(50–5000)

500

3rd quintile

1749.6

(30- 9000)

850

1075.2

(30–6000)

500

4th quintile

1373.4

(40–8000)

700

861.6

(35–5000)

500

5th quintile (least poor)

2690.3

(90–16000)

1500

1494.0

(60–10000)

600

Type of residence

Rural

2080.9

(75- 13000)

1000

1218.5

(50–8000)

600

Urban

1542.2

(30- 12000)

700

945.2

(40–7000)

500

Sub-district of residence

Rangpur Sadar

2211.9

(50–15000)

1160

1465.2

(50–8900)

775

Mithapukur

1034.3

(30–8000)

400

626.5

(30–4000)

300

Badarganj

3537.7

(400–2000)

2350

1633.0

(200–10000)

900

Pirganj

1941.2

(120- 10120)

1111.5

1206.9

(100–5000)

500

Pirgacha

3539.5

(25–20000)

2100

2311.4

(100–15000)

1200

  1. OOPE, out-of-pocket expenditure; CNCD, chronic non-communicable disease; BDT, Bangladeshi Taka
  2. 1Total OOPE consists of expenditure for consultation fee, drugs, diagnostics, informal pay and transport cost. The expenditure is shown in Bangladeshi taka (BDT). Exchange rate of data collection period (June–July, 2013), 1 USD~78 BDT
  3. 2Not all CNCD respondents incurred expenditure or reported on it. We found 754 respondents out of 866 who reported about OOPE
  4. 3We show expenditure for drugs besides total OOPE, because it constituted the largest component (85%) of total OOPE. The expenditure is shown in Bangladeshi taka (BDT). Exchange rate of data collection period (June–July, 2013), 1 USD~78 BDT
  5. 4Most respondents reported a lump-sum OOPE and had difficulty recalling cost breakdowns. This is the reason we have fewer observations for expenditure on drugs compared to observations of total OOPE
  6. 5We observed skewed distribution of OOPE. Therefore, we reported a 5% trimmed mean
  7. 6We observed skewed distribution of OOPE. Therefore, we reported a 5% trimmed range (minimum-maximum)
  8. 7Median of all OOPE observations (754 observations)
  9. 8We observed skewed distribution of expenditure on medications. Therefore, we reported a 5% trimmed mean
  10. 9We observed skewed distribution of drug costs. Therefore, we reported a 5% trimmed range (minimum-maximum)
  11. 10Median of all observations that reported on drug expenditure (728 observations)
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Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

ISSN: 2072-1315

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