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Table 6 Association between household, parental and child level characteristics and stunting in children under 2 years

From: Determinants of stunting among children under 2 years in urban informal settlements in Mumbai, India: evidence from a household census

 

Unadjusted OR

I: Home AOR (95% CI)a

II: Home and maternal AOR (95% CI)b

III: Home, maternal and care practices AOR (95% CI)c

IV: Home, maternal, care and feeding practices AOR (95% CI)d

V: Full model AOR (95% CI)e

N

 

3517

3270

3270

3237

3234

βo (se)

 

0.76 (.08)

1.05 (0.15)

1.25 (0.23)

1.35 (0.25)

0.47 (0.11)

Water tap at home

0.99 (0.82, 1.21)

1.21 (0.97, 1.51)

1.21 (0.97, 1.52)

1.23 (0.98, 1.54)

1.23 (0.98, 1.55)

1.12 (0.88, 1.42)

Private toilet

0.78 (0.63, 0.96)

0.81 (0.64, 1.03)

0.82 (0.65, 1.05)

0.82 (0.64, 1.05)

0.82 (0.64, 1.05)

0.84 (0.65, 1.09)

Socio-economic Status

 Poorest

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Quartile 2

0.93 (0.76, 1.12)

0.96 (0.79, 1.17)

1.00 (0.81, 1.23)

1.02 (0.83, 1.26)

1.04 (0.84, 1.28)

0.97 (0.78, 1.21)

 Quartile 3

0.78 (0.64, 0.95)

0.83 (0.68, 1.02)

0.86 (0.69, 1.06)

0.88 (0.71, 1.09)

0.87 (0.70, 1.09)

0.83 (0.66, 1.04)

 Least poor

0.73 (0.59, 0.90)

0.81 (0.64, 1.02)

0.85 (0.67, 1.08)

0.87 (0.68, 1.11)

0.90 (0.70, 1.14)

0.87 (0.68, 1.13)

Maternal education

 No formal schooling

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Primary

0.92 (0.66, 1.29)

0.92 (0.66, 1.30)

0.95 (0.66, 1.36)

0.97 (0.68, 1.39)

1 (0.69, 1.43)

1.02 (0.7, 1.49)

 Secondary

0.76 (0.65, 0.90)

0.79 (0.67, 0.93)

0.8 (0.67, 0.95)

0.81 (0.68, 0.97)

0.83 (0.70, 0.99)

0.84 (0.7, 1.01)

 Higher

0.52 (0.40, 0.70)

0.59 (0.44, 0.78)

0.56 (0.41, 0.77)

0.57 (0.42, 0.78)

0.58 (0.42, 0.79)

0.59 (0.42, 0.82)

 Experienced physical violence

2.08 (1.44, 3.01)

1.98 (1.36, 2.86)

1.92 (1.3, 2.85)

1.90 (1.28, 2.81)

1.86 (1.25, 2.77)

1.83 (1.21, 2.77)

Birth interval

 < 24 months

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 ≥ 24 months

0.67 (0.56, 0.80)

 

0.69 (0.57, 0.84)

0.7 (0.57, 0.85)

0.68 (0.56, 0.83)

0.71 (0.58, 0.87)

 First child

0.70 (0.57, 0.87)

 

0.78 (0.62, 0.98)

0.79 (0.62, 1.00)

0.77 (0.61, 0.97)

0.79 (0.62, 1.01)

 Intended pregnancy

0.78 (0.64, 0.95)

 

0.85 (0.69, 1.05)

0.86 (0.70, 1.06)

0.83 (0.68, 1.03)

0.80 (0.64, 0.99)

 4 or more antenatal care visits

0.70 (0.56, 0.87)

  

0.77 (0.60, 1.00)

0.78 (0.6, 1.01)

0.77 (0.59, 1.01)

 Institutional delivery

0.80 (0.65, 0.99)

  

1.02 (0.80, 1.29)

1.05 (0.82, 1.34)

1.08 (0.84, 1.39)

 Age appropriate feeding

0.66 (0.56, 0.78)

   

0.67 (0.56, 0.80)

1.03 (0.83, 1.27)

 Mother working

1.24 (0.89, 1.74)

    

1.17 (0.8, 1.72)

 Gender: Male

1.21 (1.05, 1.39)

    

1.33 (1.14, 1.54)

Child age (months)

 0–5 months

1

    

1.00

 6–11 months

1.62 (1.31, 2.02)

    

1.59 (1.23, 2.05)

 12–17 months

3.03 (2.45, 3.74)

    

3.05 (2.39, 3.89)

 18–23 months

5.06 (4.06, 6.30)

    

5.04 (3.91, 6.5)

Religion

 Muslim

1

    

1.00

 Hindu

1.18 (0.96, 1.46)

    

1.13 (0.89, 1.43)

 Other

0.35 (0.04, 3.10)

    

0.34 (0.03, 3.33)

Father’s education

 No formal schooling

1

    

1.00

 Primary

1.14 (0.81, 1.61)

    

1.24 (0.84, 1.83)

 Secondary

0.91 (0.77, 1.08)

    

1.07 (0.88, 1.31)

 Higher

0.69 (0.52, 0.91)

    

0.86 (0.62, 1.20)

SD (se)

 

0.29 (0.05)

0.26 (0.05)

0.27 (0.05)

0.27 (0.05)

0.28 (0.06)

ICC (se)

 

0.02 (0.01)

0.02 (0.01)

0.02 (0.01)

0.02 (0.01)

0.02 (0.01)

  1. aModel I included variables on water tap at home, private toilet, socio-economic status, mother experiencing physical violence and maternal education
  2. bModel II included variables on water tap at home, private toilet, socio-economic status, mother experiencing physical violence, maternal education, birth interval and intended pregnancy
  3. cModel III included variables on water tap at home, private toilet, socio-economic status, mother experiencing physical violence, maternal education, birth interval, intended pregnancy, 4 or more antenatal care visits and institutional delivery
  4. dModel IV included variables on water tap at home, private toilet, socio-economic status, mother experiencing physical violence, maternal education, birth interval, intended pregnancy, 4 or more antenatal care visits, institutional delivery and age-appropriate feeding
  5. eModel V included variables on water tap at home, private toilet, socio-economic status, mother experiencing physical violence, birth interval, intended pregnancy, 4 or more antenatal care visits, institutional delivery, age-appropriate feeding, parental education, religion, gender and age of the child
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Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

ISSN: 2072-1315

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