Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics, away from home meal consumption, and sodium intake of the participants (n=1032)
| Â | Frequency (n) | % | Sodium intake | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 95% CI | ||||
Lower | Upper | ||||
Age group (mean ± SD = 48.8 ± 15.63) years | |||||
 Less than 30 | 143 | 13.9 | 3429.7 | 3024.14 | 3835.19 |
 30 to <40 | 176 | 17.1 | 3144.2 | 2847.01 | 3441.49 |
 40 to <50 | 175 | 17.0 | 2625.5 | 2159.69 | 3091.35 |
 50 and above | 538 | 52.1 | 2277.6 | 2042.05 | 2513.17 |
Gender | |||||
 Male | 422 | 40.9 | 2889.3 | 2633.89 | 3144.73 |
 Female | 610 | 59.1 | 2402.0 | 2193.95 | 2610.11 |
Ethnicity | |||||
 Malay | 650 | 63.0 | 2694.7 | 2467.21 | 2922.30 |
 Chinese | 114 | 11.0 | 2720.3 | 2381.89 | 3058.69 |
 Indian | 63 | 6.1 | 1654.1 | 1385.19 | 1923.09 |
 Bumiputera Sabah | 110 | 10.7 | 3346.5 | 2948.66 | 3744.32 |
 Bumiputera Sarawak | 77 | 7.5 | 2521.9 | 1938.24 | 3105.64 |
 Others | 18 | 1.7 | 2412.5 | 1596.24 | 3228.68 |
Marital Status | |||||
 Never married | 132 | 12.8 | 3189.6 | 2722.82 | 3656.40 |
 Married | 747 | 72.5 | 2645.6 | 2444.57 | 2846.68 |
 Separated / Widower | 152 | 14.7 | 2044.0 | 1688.12 | 2400.03 |
Strata | |||||
 Urban | 428 | 41.5 | 2686.4 | 2468.41 | 2904.42 |
 Rural | 604 | 58.5 | 2505.6 | 2323.37 | 2687.85 |
Education Level | |||||
 None | 96 | 9.3 | 2177.7 | 1569.94 | 2785.43 |
 Primary | 215 | 20.8 | 2113.3 | 1874.19 | 2352.47 |
 Secondary | 493 | 47.8 | 2780.7 | 2509.80 | 3051.50 |
 Tertiary | 228 | 22.1 | 2872.2 | 2569.82 | 3174.65 |
Occupation | |||||
 Public | 143 | 13.9 | 2622.1 | 2254.63 | 2989.56 |
 Private | 168 | 16.3 | 3251.7 | 2756.76 | 3746.56 |
 Self-employed | 228 | 22.1 | 2729.6 | 2464.07 | 2995.08 |
 Housewives | 294 | 28.5 | 2369.4 | 2099.08 | 2639.74 |
 Others (Unemployed/students) | 199 | 13.7 | 2364.1 | 2014.68 | 2713.47 |
Household income (RM/month) | |||||
 <RM 1000 | 322 | 31.2 | 2341.4 | 2003.03 | 2679.68 |
 RM 1000-1999 | 198 | 19.2 | 2369.4 | 2075.32 | 2663.52 |
 RM 2000-2999 | 169 | 16.4 | 2674.1 | 2322.27 | 3025.90 |
 RM 3000-3999 | 124 | 12.0 | 2880.7 | 2303.39 | 3458.09 |
 >RM 4000 | 219 | 21.2 | 2964.5 | 2660.41 | 3268.63 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | |||||
 Underweight | 45 | 4.4 | 3022.7 | 2419.59 | 3625.80 |
 Normal | 357 | 34.6 | 2829.6 | 2489.05 | 3170.11 |
 Overweight | 376 | 36.4 | 2587.1 | 2303.39 | 2870.88 |
 Obese | 254 | 24.6 | 2401.1 | 2116.58 | 2685.65 |
Away from home meal consumption | |||||
 Having breakfast away from home | |||||
  Yes | 568 | 55.0 | 2708.4 | 2451.33 | 2965.42 |
  No | 464 | 45.0 | 2450.9 | 2184.31 | 2717.40 |
 Having lunch away from home | |||||
  Yes | 367 | 35.6 | 2889.9 | 2612.11 | 3167.70 |
  No | 665 | 64.4 | 2354.5 | 2138.39 | 2570.60 |
 Having dinner away from home | |||||
  Yes | 280 | 27.1 | 3052.1 | 2745.39 | 3358.82 |
  No | 545 | 66.1 | 2487.1 | 2278.45 | 2695.70 |
Number of away from home meal | |||||
 Not at all | 367 | 35.6 | 2421.9 | 2166.86 | 2677.02 |
 One to two meals | 450 | 43.6 | 2485.4 | 2237.66 | 2733.03 |
 Three meals | 215 | 20.8 | 3145.7 | 2778.73 | 3512.64 |
Total sodium intake (mg/day) | |||||
 (mean ± SD = 2608.6 ± 2056.3) | |||||
  <2000mg | 494 | 47.9 | - | - | - |
  >2000mg | 538 | 52.1 | - | - | - |