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Table 2 Associated factors of high sodium intake by socio-demographic characteristics and away from home meal consumption

From: Is socio-demographic status, body mass index, and consumption of food away from home associated with high sodium intake among adults in Malaysia?: findings from the Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS)

Variable

Category

Crude OR

95% CI

P value

Adjusted OR

95% CI

P value

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Age (years)

Less than 30

3.50

2.36

5.25

0.001

3.83

2.23

6.58

<0.001

30 to <40

2.87

2.01

4.11

0.001

2.75

1.82

4.16

<0.001

40 to <50

1.68

1.19

2.37

0.003

1.67

1.14

2.56

0.009

50 and above

1.00

   

1.00

   

Gender

Male

1.32

1.03

1.69

0.030

1.27

0.92

1.76

0.145

Female

1.00

   

1.00

   

Ethnicity

Malay

1.00

   

1.00

   

Chinese

1.17

0.78

1.74

0.450

1.21

0.78

1.87

0.388

Indian

0.46

0.26

0.79

0.005

0.46

0.25

0.82

0.009

Others

1.12

0.82

1.54

0.482

0.99

0.70

1.41

0.976

Marital status

Never married

1.00

   

1.00

   

Married

0.70

0.48

1.02

0.061

1.63

0.99

2.69

0.056

Separated/widow/widower

0.38

0.23

0.61

<0.001

1.26

0.68

2.34

0.455

Strata

Urban

1.12

0.87

1.43

0.385

1.09

0.82

1.44

0.569

Rural

1.00

   

1.00

   

Education level

No formal education

1.00

   

1.00

   

Primary education

1.19

0.73

1.94

0.495

1.04

0.62

1.74

0.886

Secondary education

1.79

1.15

2.80

0.011

1.17

0..72

1.91

0.533

Tertiary education

2.43

1.50

3.96

<0.001

1.19

0.66

2.15

0.564

Occupation

Public sector

1.00

   

1.00

   

Private sector

1.21

0.77

1.91

0.414

1.28

0.76

2.15

0.353

Self employed

0.86

0.56

1.31

0.470

1.11

0.69

1.81

0.666

Housewives

0.65

0.43

0.97

0.036

1.15

0.69

1.91

0.592

Others

0.65

0.42

1.01

0.053

0.99

0.59

1.65

0.953

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Underweight

0.98

0.52

1.84

0.950

0.76

0.38

1.50

0.429

Overweight

0.72

0.54

0.97

0.030

0.75

0.55

1.02

0.069

Obese

0.59

0.43

0.82

0.002

0.60

0.43

0.86

0.005

Normal

1.00

   

1.00

   

Household income

<RM 1000

1.00

   

1.00

   

RM 1000 -1999

1.03

0.72

1.47

0.857

0.76

0.52

1.12

0.167

RM 2000 - 2999

1.53

1.05

2.22

0.027

0.98

0.64

1.48

0.899

RM 3000 -3999

1.95

1.28

2.98

0.002

1.22

0.76

1.96

0.416

>RM 4000

1.64

1.16

2.32

0.005

0.98

0.63

1.52

0.897

Number of away from home meal

Not at all

1.00

   

1.00

   

One to two meals

1.07

0.81

1,41

0.635

1.04

0.76

1.42

0.814

Three meals

1.67

1.19

2.35

0.003

1.29

0.86

1.93

0.222

  1. OR odd ratio, CI confidence interval, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.125, Hosmer and Lemeshow Test (X2 = 4.010, df = 8, p = 0.856)