Characteristic | Normotensive | Hypertensive | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | |||
Overall | 50.60 | 45.48–55.71 | 49.39 | 44.27–54.51 | ||
Sex | Male | 50.42 | 44.74–56.10 | 49.95 | 43.77–56.13 | 1.00 |
Female | 49.57 | 43.89–55.25 | 50.04 | 43.86–56.22 | ||
Age, years (mean, 95% CI) | 40.76 | 38.92–42.60 | 57.09 | 55.62–58.56 | <0.001 | |
Age group | <34 | 38.62 | 32.83–44.76 | 4.88 | 3.03–7.75 | <0.001 |
35–44 | 23.41 | 18.49–29.16 | 10.84 | 7.56–15.30 | ||
45–54 | 20.40 | 16.04–25.59 | 20.20 | 16.31–24.73 | ||
55–64 | 12.62 | 8.61–18.12 | 34.29 | 28.96–40.04 | ||
>65 | 4.93 | 2.99–8.02 | 29.78 | 24.28–35.93 | ||
Academic level | None/primary | 14.86 | 10.71–20.24 | 33.77 | 27.40–40.78 | <0.001 |
Secondary | 54.58 | 48.57–60.46 | 48.02 | 43.16–52.92 | ||
Tertiary | 30.55 | 24.61–37.21 | 18.20 | 12.37–25.96 | ||
Household income | <RM1999 | 35.04 | 27.68–43.20 | 50.83 | 43.92–57.70 | <0.001 |
RM2000–RM3999 | 30.83 | 24.78–37.63 | 28.97 | 23.13–35.61 | ||
>RM4000 | 34.11 | 26.72–42.36 | 20.18 | 14.01–28.19 | ||
Marital status | Single /widowed | 28.81 | 24.07–34.06 | 20.03 | 15.63–25.29 | 0.052 |
Married | 71.18 | 65.93–75.92 | 79.96 | 74.70–84.36 | ||
BMI (kg/m2), (mean, 95% CI) | 25.68 | 25.08–26.28 | 27.65 | 26.99–28.30 | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | <25 | 46.06 | 40.18–52.06 | 31.63 | 26.18–37.64 | <0.001 |
25–30 | 36.93 | 32.08–42.06 | 38.34 | 32.14–44.92 | ||
≥ 30 | 16.99 | 13.25–21.53 | 30.01 | 24.39–36.43 | ||
WC, cm (mean, 95% CI) | 86.63 | 85.20–88.06 | 93.88 | 92.43–95.32 | <0.001 | |
WC, cm | ||||||
Men <90, Women <80 | No | 41.82 | 36.72–47.09 | 23.20 | 18.15–29.17 | <0.001 |
Men ≥90, Women ≥80 | Yes | 58.17 | 52.90–63.26 | 76.79 | 70.82–81.84 | |
Smoking status | No | 74.50 | 69.43–70.99 | 82.53 | 77.00–86.95 | <0.001 |
Yes | 25.49 | 21.00–30.56 | 17.46 | 13.04–22.99 | ||
Physical activity | Inactive | 42.93 | 35.61–50.57 | 40.53 | 34.33–47.04 | 0.448 |
Active | 57.06 | 49.42–38.59 | 59.46 | 52.95–65.66 | ||
Diabetes | No | 90.81 | 85.42–94.34 | 64.44 | 58.36–70.09 | <0.001 |
Yes | 9.18 | 5.65–14.57 | 35.55 | 29.90–41.63 | ||
Sodium intake (mg/day) | < 2000 | 39.56 | 33.49–45.93 | 52.47 | 47.35–57.54 | <0.001 |
≥ 2000 | 60.43 | 54.03–66.50 | 47.52 | 42.45–52.64 |