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Table 2 Description of associated variables in studies selected for estimating prevalence among pregnant women (n = 15)

From: Pooled estimate of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Age

group/mean age

Socio-economic status

Education

Rural/urban

Parity

Trimester

Exposure to sunlight

Seasons of study

Ajmani et al. 2016 [35]

20–25

Lower, upper lower, lower middle, upper middle

Illiterate, primary level, graduate

Urban

Multi-gravida

and

Primigravida

All trimesters

NM

NM

Farrant et al. 2009] [32]

20–26

Upper, lower

NM

Urban

NM

< 32 weeks of pregnancy

NM

Summer, Winter

Jani et al. 2014 [9]

26.7 ± 4.1

NM

NM

Rural

NM

2nd trimester

Summer: 35.4 ± 15.9 h/day * %BSA

Summer, Winter

Marwaha et al. 2011 [7]

19–30

Lower middle

NM

Urban

1, 2, and > 2

All trimesters

1st trimester: 10–60 min 2nd trimester: 10–60 min

3rd trimester; 10–20 min

Summer, Winter

Sachan et al. 2005 [31]

24 ± − 4.1

Lower, middle

NM

Rural and urban

NM

3rd trimester

Urban: 4.1 ± 3.2 h/day*%BSA

Rural: 9.7 ± 8.1 h/day*%BSA

Autumn

Sahu et al.

2009 [33]

20–25

Lower, upper

NM

Rural and urban

< 3

3rd trimester

Mean 14:00 ± 2 h

Spring summer

Sharma et al. 2016 [36]

22–23

Lower, upper lower, lower middle upper middle

Both educated and not educated

Urban

Primigravida

Full term

NM

Summer, Winter

Singla et al. 2015 [34]

18–35

Upper, upper middle, lower, lower middle

NM

Urban

Nulliparous, 1 and 2

2nd trimester

Summer: shorter ≤ 30 min

Longer > 30 min

Winter:

Shorter ≤ 90 min

Longer > 90 min

Summer, Winter

Krishnaveni et al. 2011 [37]

24 ± 4.3

Lower

NM

NM

NM

3rd trimester

NM

NM

Veena et al. 2017 [38]

23.9 ± 4.3

Lower

< 10(34.9%

− 10(31.7%)

> 10(33.4%

NM

1, 2, and > 2

3rd trimester

NM

NM

Nandal et al. 2016 [23, 39]

30.83 ± 4.0

upper

NM

urban

NM

2nd trimester

NM

NM

Kumar et

al. 2015 [40]

NM

NM

NM

NM

NM

NM

NM

NM

Chary et al. 2015 [41]

24.5 ± 2.6

Upper, upper middle, lower, lower middle

Illiterate, primary level, High School

Post high school

Rural and urban

NM

3rd trimester

< 60 min

NM

Dasgupta et al. 2012 [42]

20–40

NM

NM

NM

NM

1st trimester

33 ± 9.07%

Summer, rainy

Sablok et al. 2015 [43]

NM

Lower, middle

NM

NM

Primigravida

2nd trimester

< 1 h/day

> 4 h/day

NM

  1. NM not mentioned