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Table 3 Factors associated with fast-food consumption among adolescents

From: Is fast-food consumption a problem among adolescents in Malaysia? An analysis of the National School-Based Nutrition Survey, 2012

Independent variables Fast-food consumption
4–7 days 1–3 days
Crude odds ratio (95% CI) p Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) p Crude odds ratio (95% CI) p Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) p
Age group
 16–18 years 0.83 (0.68–1.01) 0.056 0.80 (0.63–1.02) 0.073 1.04 (0.91–1.20) 0.558 0.46 (0.26–0.82) 0.008
 13–15 years 0.90 (0.77–1.06) 0.216 0.87 (0.70–1.07) 0.180 1.11 (0.98–1.26) 0.093 1.08 (0.92–1.28) 0.356
 10–12 years 1.00    1.00    1.00   1.000 1.00   
Sex
 Girls 1.14 (1.01–1.28) 0.036 1.44 (1.26–1.66) <0.001 1.28 (1.16–1.41) <0.001 1.45 (1.30–1.61) <0.001
 Boys 1.00    1.00    1.00    1.00   
Ethnicity
 Malay 3.88 (3.22–4.66) <0.001 4.09 (3.31–5.07) <0.001 2.02 (1.79–2.28) <0.001 1.99 (1.76–2.26) <0.001
 Indian 1.98 (1.50–2.62) <0.001 2.23 (1.63–3.03) <0.001 1.43 (1.17–1.75) <0.001 1.27 (1.04–1.57) 0.023
 Indigenous from East Malaysia 4.00 (3.02–5.30) <0.001 2.59 (1.82–3.70) <0.001 1.63 (1.34–1.99) <0.001 1.32 (0.96–1.81) 0.085
 Other 2.96 (1.79–4.87) <0.001 3.69 (2.42–5.62) <0.001 1.56 (1.16–2.11) 0.004 1.69 (1.20-2.38) 0.003
 Chinese 1.00    1.00       1.00   
Locality of schools
 Central zone 1.55 (1.14–2.10) 0.005 .37 (1.07–1.76) 0.014 1.20 (0.99–1.47) 0.069 1.16 (1.01–1.33) 0.040
 Southern zone 1.36 (1.01–1.84) 0.043 1.29 (1.00–1.65) 0.050 1.03 (0.85–1.24) 0.772 1.01 (0.88–1.17) 0.849
 East coast zone 1.79 (1.37–2.34) <0.001 1.25 (0.96–1.63) 0.092 1.15 (0.95–1.38) 0.149 0.97 (0.82–1.15) 0.734
 East Malaysia 2.02 (1.51–2.70) <0.001 1.95 (1.45–2.62) <0.001 1.14 (0.93–1.40) 0.196 1.25 (0.98–1.60) 0.073
 Northern zone 1.00    1.00    1.00    1.00 1.00  
BMI-for-age
 Underweight 0.99 (0.80–1.23) 0.941 - -   1.06 (0.91–1.24) 0.434 - -  
 Overweight 1.06 (0.92–1.24) 0.420     1.01 (0.90–1.13) 0.922    
 Obese 1.04 (0.89–1.23) 0.618     1.00 (0.89–1.13) 0.988    
 Normal 1.00       1.00      
Eating out per week
 >6 times 5.13 (3.92–6.72) <0.001 9.16 (6.67–12.58) <0.001 1.86 (1.49–2.33) <0.001 2.58 (2.00–3.31) <0.001
 3–5 times 4.42 (3.50–5.51) <0.001 6.39 (5.07–8.06) <0.001 2.37 (2.01–2.78) <0.001 2.92 (2.44–3.51) <0.001
 1–2 times 2.31 (1.94–2.76) <0.001 2.57 (2.11–3.12) <0.001 2.27 (2.04–2.54) <0.001 2.33 (2.06–2.63) <0.001
 Never 1.00    1.00    1.00    1.00   
Cereals/grains
 Inadequate 0.46 (0.36–0.58) <0.001 0.67 (0.52–0.88) 0.003 0.60 (0.53–0.63) <0.001 0.73 (0.64–0.83) 0.727
 Exceed 1.91 (1.68–2.18) <0.001 1.34 (1.17–1.54) <0.001 1.34 (1.21–1.49) <0.001 1.12 (0.98–1.27) 1.115
 Normal 1.00    1.00    1.00    1.00   
Fruits
 Inadequate 0.64 (0.56–0.72) <0.001 1.02 (0.88–1.19) 0.784 0.74 (0.68–0.81) <0.001 0.96 (0.87–1.05) 0.348
 Normal 1.00    1.00    1.00    1.00   
Vegetables
 Inadequate 1.12 (0.88–1.41) 0.366 1.60 (1.07–2.39) 0.022 1.07 (0.90–1.27) 0.434 1.35 (1.06–1.73) 0.016
 Normal 1.00    1.00    1.00    1.00   
Milk/dairy products
 Inadequate 0.66 (0.56–0.79) <0.001 0.98 (0.78–1.23) 0.862 0.81 (0.71–0.93) 0.003 1.07 (0.92–1.25) 0.366
 Exceed 1.31 (0.91–1.90) 0.148 0.89 (0.49–1.61) 0.692 1.14 (0.83–1.55) 0.422 1.23 (0.78–1.94) 0.373
 Normal 1.00    1.00    1.00    1.00   
Meat/poultry/eggs
 Inadequate 0.45 (0.35–0.59) <0.001 0.53 (0.38–0.73) <0.001 0.54 (0.46–0.62) <0.001 0.66 (0.55–0.78) <0.001
 Exceed 2.58 (2.28–2.91) <0.001 1.99 (1.70–2.32) <0.001 1.48 (1.35–1.61) <0.001 1.26 (1.13–1.40) <0.001
 Normal 1.00    1.00    1.00    1.00   
Fish
 Inadequate 1.38 (0.75–2.56) 0.305 1.28 (0.62–2.63) 0.507 1.19 (0.78–1.84) 0.419 1.38 (0.85–2.24) 0.195
 Exceed 2.39 (1.29–4.40) 0.005 1.26 (0.61–2.62) 0.532 1.65 (1.08–2.54) 0.022 1.40 (0.86–2.29) 0.178
 Normal 1.00    1.00    1.00    1.00   
Legumes
 Inadequate 0.78 (0.67–0.90) 0.001 1.03 (0.85–1.25) 0.778 0.78 (0.70–0.88) <0.001 0.95 (0.83–1.10) 0.495
 Exceed 1.27 (1.07–1.51) 0.007 0.85 (0.68–1.07) 0.165 1.08 (0.94–1.23) 0.283 0.91 (0.77–1.08) 0.280
 Normal 1.00    1.00    1.00    1.00   
  1. Dependent variable: did not consume fast food per week as reference category
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Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

ISSN: 2072-1315

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