Table 3 Mixed effect logistic regression model for investigating the effects of ANC on subsequent use of health service utilization, Ethiopia

Random effect only model: EAs

2.550 (2.135–3.044)

6.199 (5.257–7.310)

2.011 (1.673–2.416)

Fixed effects

Birth order

First^RC

Second and above

0.794 (0.663–0.951)

0.552 (0.447–0.683)

1.080 (0.886–1.315)

Age of the mother

15–24^RC

25–34

1.363 (1.143–1.625)

0.972 (0.791–1.193)

1.197 (0.980–1.462)

34+

1.315 (1.036–1.670)

0.990 (0.749–1.309)

1.370 (1.042–1.802)

Residence

Rural^RC

Urban

1.204 (0.863–1.680)

2.363 (1.589–3.513)

0.974 (0.713–1.330)

Education of mother

No education^RC

Primary level

1.433 (1.233–1.666)

1.498 (1.267–1.772)

1.084 (0.901–1.303)

Secondary and higher

2.048 (1.61–2.603)

2.820 (2.088–3.809)

1.275 (0.989–1.644)

Education of father

No education^RC

Primary

1.292 (1.122–1.489)

1.207 (1.028–1.417)

1.014 (0.852–1.207)

Secondary and higher

1.427 (1.176–1.733)

1.731 (1.378–2.176)

1.102 (0.892–1.360)

Parity

0–3^RC

4–6

0.941 (0.798–1.110)

0.823 (0.680–0.995)

0.979 (0.801–1.196)

7 and above

0.809 (0.643–1.019)

0.910 (0.699–1.184)

0.837 (0.629–1.114)

Ever termination of pregnancy

No^RC

Yes

1.161 (0.943–1.430)

1.187 (0.933–1.511)

1.160 (0.914–1.472)

Autonomy

Yes^RC

No

1.030 (0.899–1.180)

0.926 (0.791–1.084)

1.017 (0.870–1.189)

Wealth index

Poorest^RC

Middle

1.158 (0.963–1.393)

1.046 (0.854–1.281)

1.395 (1.101–1.769)

Richer

1.400 (1.155–1.697)

1.121 (0.905–1.388)

1.363 (1.064–1.745)

IPV

High violence^RC

Mild violence

0.864 (0.749–0.996) _

0.957 (0.813–1.125)

1.096 (0.924–1.300)

No or low violence

0.997 (0.844–1.176)

0.899 (0.744–1.088)

0.968 (0.786–1.191)

Access to radio

No^RC

Yes

1.374 (1.193–1.584)

1.043 (0.881–1.235)

1.609 (1.374–1.883)

Mean wealth for community

1.412 (1.249–1.596)

1.615 (1.401–1.862)

1.029 (0.906–1.170)

Mean maternal education at the community

1.025 (0.970–1.084)

1.125 (1.053–1.202)

1.008 (0.957–1.061)

ANC service use

 < 4 times^RC

 > 4 times

2.892 (2.503–3.343)

1.490 (1.278–1.736)

Place of delivery

Home^RC

Institutions

9.252 (7.691–11.128)

Random effect coefficient

0.839 (.664–1.062)

1.321 (1.052–1.659)

0.358 (0.238–0.542)

AIC

Number of groups = 588

6724.66

5347.40

4811.56