From: Perceived stress, eating behavior, and overweight and obesity among urban adolescents
Variables | Overweight/obesity (n = 1302; 28.2%) | High Stress (n = 265; 5.7%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | χ2 (p val.) | OR (p value) (95% CI) | Yes (%) | χ2 (p val.) | OR (p value) (95% CI) | |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Female | 602 (46.2) | 17.146* (.000) | 0.713* (< .001) (0.623–0.816) | 126 (47.5) | 1.417 (.234) | 0.908 (.469) (0.700–1.178) |
Male | 700 (53.8) | Â | Ref | 139 (52.5) | Â | ref |
Age categories | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 < 16 | 144 (11.1) | 9.545* (.008) | 0.784* (.039) (0.623–0.988) | 25 (9.4) | 1.085 (.581) | 0.819 (.404) (0.512–1.309) |
16–17 | 663 (50.9) |  | 0.799* (.002) (0.692–0.922) | 151 (57.0) |  | 1.088 (.546) (0.827–1.433) |
18 +  | 495 (38.0) |  | Ref | 89 (33.6) |  | ref |
Residence type | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
City | 843 (64.7) | 3.038 (0.081) | 1.082 (.278) (0.939–1.246) | 168 (63.4) | 0.047 (0.828) | 1.012 (.929) (0.775–1.321) |
Town | 459 (35.3) | Â | Ref | 97 (36.6) | Â | ref |
Father’s education |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HSC and below | 845 (64.9) | 26.839* (.000) | 0.702* (< .001) (0.591–0.835) | 181 (68.3) | 0.623 (.430) | – |
Graduate and above | 457 (35.1) |  | Ref | 84 (31.7) |  | – |
Father’s occupation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service | 475 (36.5) | 11.218* (.004) | 1.158 (.116) (0.964–1.392) | 82 (30.9) | 1.174 (.556) | – |
Business | 540 (41.5) |  | 1.134 (.151) (0.955–1.346) | 118 (44.5) |  | – |
Retired and others | 287 (22.0) |  | Ref | 65 (24.5) |  | – |
Mother’s education |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HSC and below | 1048 (80.5) | 4.053* (.044) | 1.137 (.212) (0.929– 1.391) | 219 (82.6) | 0.023 (.879) | – |
Graduate and above | 254 (19.5) |  | Ref | 46 (17.4) |  | – |
Smoking habit | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 51 (3.9) | 1.395 (.238) | – | 22 (8.3) | 9.518* (.002) | 1.916* (.008) (1.187–3.092) |
No | 1251 (96.1) |  | – | 243 (91.7) |  | ref |
Physical activity and lifestyle | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sedentary | 412 (31.6) | 6.050* (.049) | 2.212* (.001) (1.377–3.552) | 101 (38.1) | 9.492* (.009) | 3.394* (.042) (1.047–11.002) |
Moderately active | 866 (66.5) |  | 2.023* (.003) (1.270– 3.224) | 161 (60.8) |  | 2.473 (.129) (0.768–7.961) |
Active | 24 (1.8) | Â | Ref | 3 (1.1) | Â | ref |
Stress categories | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low stress | 485 (37.3) | 1.397 (.497) | – | – | – | – |
Moderate stress | 738 (56.7) |  | – | – |  | – |
High stress | 79 (6.1) |  | – | – |  | – |
BMI categories | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Underweight | – | – | – | 61 (23.0) | 0.340 (.844) | 1.102 (.595) (0.770–1.578) |
Normal weight | – |  | – | 125 (47.2) |  | 1.021 (.891) (0.759–1.374) |
Overweight/obesity | – |  | – | 79 (29.8) |  | ref |
Stress domains | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Future uncertainty \(\overline{X} \pm {\text{SD}}\) | 2.96 ± 1.287 | 0.039e | .926* (.013) (0.872–0.984) | – | – | – |
School/leisure conflict \(\overline{X} \pm {\text{SD}}\) | 2.69 ± 1.065 | 0.042e | 1.133* (.001) (1.051–1.222) | – | – | – |
Emerging adult resp. \(\overline{X} \pm {\text{SD}}\) | 2.64 ± 1.129 | 0.028e | 0.921* (.018) (0.861–0.986) | – | – | – |
Restrained eating \(\overline{X} \pm {\text{SD}}\) | 2.07 ± 0.747 | 0.169e | 1.634* (< .001) (1.495–1.786) | 2.21 ± 0.883 | 0.044 e | 1.288* (.003) (1.090–1.522) |
Emotional eating \(\overline{X} \pm {\text{SD}}\) | 1.82 ± 0.704 | 0.055e | – | 1.79 ± 0.804 | 0.011e | – |
External eating \(\overline{X} \pm {\text{SD}}\) | 2.53 ± 0.749 | 0.043e | – | 2.84 ± 0.882 | 0.118 e | 1.883* (< .001) (1.601–2.214) |