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Table 3 The relationships of perceived stress, eating behaviors, and physical activity with overweight/obesity and high stress, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics

From: Perceived stress, eating behavior, and overweight and obesity among urban adolescents

Variables

Overweight/obesity (n = 1302; 28.2%)

High Stress (n = 265; 5.7%)

Yes (%)

χ2 (p val.)

OR (p value)

(95% CI)

Yes (%)

χ2 (p val.)

OR (p value)

(95% CI)

Gender

      

Female

602 (46.2)

17.146* (.000)

0.713* (< .001)

(0.623–0.816)

126 (47.5)

1.417 (.234)

0.908 (.469)

(0.700–1.178)

Male

700 (53.8)

 

Ref

139 (52.5)

 

ref

Age categories

      

 < 16

144 (11.1)

9.545* (.008)

0.784* (.039)

(0.623–0.988)

25 (9.4)

1.085 (.581)

0.819 (.404)

(0.512–1.309)

16–17

663 (50.9)

 

0.799* (.002)

(0.692–0.922)

151 (57.0)

 

1.088 (.546)

(0.827–1.433)

18 + 

495 (38.0)

 

Ref

89 (33.6)

 

ref

Residence type

      

City

843 (64.7)

3.038 (0.081)

1.082 (.278)

(0.939–1.246)

168 (63.4)

0.047 (0.828)

1.012 (.929)

(0.775–1.321)

Town

459 (35.3)

 

Ref

97 (36.6)

 

ref

Father’s education

      

HSC and below

845 (64.9)

26.839* (.000)

0.702* (< .001)

(0.591–0.835)

181 (68.3)

0.623 (.430)

–

Graduate and above

457 (35.1)

 

Ref

84 (31.7)

 

–

Father’s occupation

      

Service

475 (36.5)

11.218* (.004)

1.158 (.116)

(0.964–1.392)

82 (30.9)

1.174 (.556)

–

Business

540 (41.5)

 

1.134 (.151)

(0.955–1.346)

118 (44.5)

 

–

Retired and others

287 (22.0)

 

Ref

65 (24.5)

 

–

Mother’s education

      

HSC and below

1048 (80.5)

4.053* (.044)

1.137 (.212)

(0.929– 1.391)

219 (82.6)

0.023 (.879)

–

Graduate and above

254 (19.5)

 

Ref

46 (17.4)

 

–

Smoking habit

      

Yes

51 (3.9)

1.395 (.238)

–

22 (8.3)

9.518* (.002)

1.916* (.008)

(1.187–3.092)

No

1251 (96.1)

 

–

243 (91.7)

 

ref

Physical activity and lifestyle

      

Sedentary

412 (31.6)

6.050* (.049)

2.212* (.001)

(1.377–3.552)

101 (38.1)

9.492* (.009)

3.394* (.042)

(1.047–11.002)

Moderately active

866 (66.5)

 

2.023* (.003)

(1.270– 3.224)

161 (60.8)

 

2.473 (.129)

(0.768–7.961)

Active

24 (1.8)

 

Ref

3 (1.1)

 

ref

Stress categories

      

Low stress

485 (37.3)

1.397 (.497)

–

–

–

–

Moderate stress

738 (56.7)

 

–

–

 

–

High stress

79 (6.1)

 

–

–

 

–

BMI categories

      

Underweight

–

–

–

61 (23.0)

0.340

(.844)

1.102 (.595)

(0.770–1.578)

Normal weight

–

 

–

125 (47.2)

 

1.021 (.891)

(0.759–1.374)

Overweight/obesity

–

 

–

79 (29.8)

 

ref

Stress domains

      

Future uncertainty

\(\overline{X} \pm {\text{SD}}\)

2.96 ± 1.287

0.039e

.926* (.013)

(0.872–0.984)

–

–

–

School/leisure conflict

\(\overline{X} \pm {\text{SD}}\)

2.69 ± 1.065

0.042e

1.133* (.001)

(1.051–1.222)

–

–

–

Emerging adult resp.

\(\overline{X} \pm {\text{SD}}\) 

2.64 ± 1.129

0.028e

0.921* (.018)

(0.861–0.986)

–

–

–

Restrained eating

\(\overline{X} \pm {\text{SD}}\)

2.07 ± 0.747

0.169e

1.634* (< .001)

(1.495–1.786)

2.21 ± 0.883

0.044 e

1.288* (.003)

(1.090–1.522)

Emotional eating

\(\overline{X} \pm {\text{SD}}\)

1.82 ± 0.704

0.055e

–

1.79 ± 0.804

0.011e

–

External eating

\(\overline{X} \pm {\text{SD}}\)

2.53 ± 0.749

0.043e

–

2.84 ± 0.882

0.118 e

1.883* (< .001)

(1.601–2.214)

  1. * Statistically significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). e Eta (η) statistic is calculated for nominal by interval scale of variables