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Table 2 Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the Multinomial GAMM for variables not included in the interaction effects

From: Assessment of prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and pre-diabetes in South Africa

Variable

Pre-diabetic

Diabetic

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Gender (ref = Female)

  

Male

1.326 (1.011–1.740)*

1.439 (1.035–2.001)*

Race (ref = Other)

  

Black/African

1.087 (0.743–1.590)

1.509 (0.953–2.389)

Rohrer’s Index

1.104 (1.037–1.176)*

1.058 (0.987–1.135)

Waist circumference

1.041 (1.012–1.071)*

1.048 (1.014–1.082)*

Haemoglobin level adjusted for altitude and smoking

0.905 (0.860–0.952)*

0.852 (0.802–0.905)*

Blood pressure category (ref = Normal)

  

Abnormal

1.159 (0.934–1.439)

1.302 (1.014–1.671)*

Taking high blood pressure medication (ref = No)

  

Yes

1.019 (0.731–1.420)

1.521 (1.054–2.196)*

Taking Medication (ref =No)

  

Yes

1.294 (0.950–1.764)

1.487 (1.055–2.096)*

Household’s consumption of processed foods

1.088 (0.975–1.213)

1.009 (0.888–1.147)

Household’s consumption of fruit the previous day (ref = Yes)

  

No

0.981 (0.814–1.182)

0.933 (0.743–1.170)

Household’s consumption of vegetables the previous day (ref = No)

  

Yes

1.009 (0.837–1.218)

1.109 (0.882–1.394)

Household’s consumption of sugary drinks the previous day (ref = No)

  

Yes

1.119 (0.921–1.358)

1.250 (0.988–1.583)

Smoking the previous 24hrs (ref = No)

  

Yes

0.815 (0.634–1.045)

0.705 (0.510–0.974)*

Wealth index Z-score

0.932 (0.828–1.047)

1.010 (0.875–1.167)

  1. Significant at 5% level of significance