Table 3 Multivariate logistic models of individual odd’s of death in children under 5 in DLHS3

Percent of Muslim households in district

1.002***

1.001

1.002**

1.001

1.008***

[3.955]

[1.338]

[2.450]

[1.468]

[4.267]

Percent of Christian households in district

0.992***

0.992***

0.994***

1.005***

1.009***

[− 10.54]

[− 10.55]

[− 5.046]

[2.980]

[3.473]

Percent of Buddhist households in district

0.983***

0.981***

0.988***

0.997

1.008**

[− 6.464]

[− 6.893]

[− 4.073]

[− 1.002]

[2.205]

Percent of Sikh households in district

1.001

1.000

1.005***

1.002

0.999

[1.623]

[0.293]

[3.017]

[0.979]

[− 0.284]

Herfindahl index (HHI)

0.726***

0.697***

0.716***

1.240

[− 4.456]

[− 4.659]

[− 3.468]

[1.464]

Individual-level Muslim

1.852*

1.910*

1.668

[1.707]

[1.790]

[1.415]

Individual-level Hindu

1.974*

2.010*

1.752

[1.890]

[1.939]

[1.557]

Individual-level Christian

2.151**

2.055**

1.818

[2.104]

[1.975]

[1.630]

Individual-level Sikh

1.875*

1.917*

1.666

[1.675]

[1.733]

[1.360]

Individual-level Buddhist

1.718

1.734

1.547

[1.404]

[1.422]

[1.120]

Individual has health insurance

0.873*

0.995

0.971

[− 1.723]

[− 0.0610]

[− 0.358]

Individual-level mother’s years of education

0.966***

0.982***

0.983***

[− 10.36]

[− 5.297]

[− 5.074]

Individual-level father’s years of education

0.981***

0.977***

0.978***

[− 7.094]

[− 8.348]

[− 7.905]

Individual-level poorest quintile

1.377***

1.517***

1.477***

[5.654]

[6.762]

[6.375]

Individual-level wealth quintile 2

1.297***

1.455***

1.428***

[4.842]

[6.456]

[6.163]

Individual-level wealth quintile 3

1.242***

1.374***

1.353***

[4.308]

[5.912]

[5.657]

Individual-level wealth quintile 4

1.219***

1.325***

1.318***

[4.296]

[5.868]

[5.738]

Individual-level scheduled caste

1.178***

1.135***

1.135***

[4.810]

[3.566]

[3.540]

Individual-level scheduled tribe

0.988

1.124***

1.119**

[− 0.305]

[2.611]

[2.443]

No caste or tribe

1.091***

1.025

1.030

[2.989]

[0.773]

[0.942]

No toilet

1.128***

1.058

1.074*

[3.742]

[1.530]

[1.942]

Individual-level rural

1.018

1.027

1.032

[0.513]

[0.724]

[0.845]

Percent in district who cannot read

1.007***

1.019***

[3.859]

[6.527]

Percent in district who worked in last year

1.003***

1.007***

[3.175]

[5.278]

Percent in district with no sex preference

0.993**

1.009**

[− 2.238]

[2.442]

Percent in district with male sex preference

1.002

1.017***

[0.540]

[4.012]

Percent in district with health insurance

0.988***

0.996

[− 4.518]

[− 1.430]

Average mother’s years of education in district

0.999***

1.001***

[− 4.792]

[4.765]

Average mother's years of education in district

1.000*

0.999**

[1.954]

[− 2.411]

Percent in poorest quintile in district

0.989***

1.003

[− 4.885]

[0.810]

Percent in wealth quintile 2 in district

0.978***

0.999

[− 9.395]

[− 0.417]

Percent in wealth quintile 3 in district

1.000

1.007*

[− 0.105]

[1.903]

Percent in wealth quintile 4 in district

0.973***

1.002

[− 8.425]

[0.582]

Percent with no access to toilet in district

0.999

0.999

[− 0.868]

[− 0.759]

Percent in scheduled caste in district

1.007***

1.003

[3.537]

[1.478]

Percent in scheduled tribe in district

0.996***

0.996**

[− 3.875]

[− 2.465]

Percent in no caste or tribe

1.003***

0.998

[3.592]

[− 1.265]

Percent living in rural area in district

1.000

0.997*

[0.280]

[− 1.787]

Constant

0.0458***

0.0600***

0.0266***

0.0590***

0.000286***

[− 234.2]

[− 45.81]

[− 9.842]

[− 5.357]

[− 11.43]

Observations

282,784

282,784

274,063

274,063

274,063

Hausman

16.24

Hausman P

0