Table 4 Sub-group models of individual odds of death in children under 5 in DLHS-3

Percent of Muslim households in district

1.001

1.008***

0.998

1.008***

0.843**

1.008***

[0.289]

[3.676]

[− 0.173]

[4.171]

[− 2.048]

[4.317]

Percent of Christian households in district

0.995

1.009***

0.996

1.011***

0.994

1.010***

[− 0.418]

[3.240]

[− 0.469]

[2.735]

[− 0.103]

[3.711]

Percent of Buddhist households in district

1.015*

1.005

0.987

1.009**

1.033

1.010**

[1.826]

[1.437]

[− 0.909]

[2.319]

[0.785]

[2.275]

Percent of Sikh households in district

0.959**

1.002

0.924

1.000

1.756

0.999

[− 2.034]

[0.512]

[− 1.269]

[0.119]

[0.476]

[− 0.341]

Herfindahl index (HHI)

0.656

1.257

1.435

1.301

1.44e−05***

1.277

[− 1.061]

[1.297]

[0.676]

[1.480]

[− 2.662]

[1.634]

Individual has health insurance

0.755

0.998

0.728

0.980

2.120

0.961

[− 1.096]

[− 0.0237]

[− 0.801]

[− 0.240]

[1.242]

[− 0.478]

Individual-level mother's years of education

0.983*

0.983***

0.974

0.983***

0.967

0.983***

[− 1.851]

[− 4.643]

[− 1.527]

[− 4.864]

[− 0.727]

[− 5.038]

Individual-level father's years of education

0.982**

0.977***

0.974*

0.978***

0.974

0.978***

[− 2.561]

[− 7.766]

[− 1.685]

[− 7.747]

[− 0.686]

[− 7.916]

Individual-level poorest quintile

1.287*

1.509***

1.578

1.475***

1.958

1.478***

[1.715]

[6.069]

[1.440]

[6.234]

[1.011]

[6.357]

Individual-level wealth quintile 2

1.256*

1.460***

1.250

1.437***

1.116

1.433***

[1.671]

[5.896]

[0.745]

[6.155]

[0.178]

[6.195]

Individual-level wealth quintile 3

1.130

1.401***

1.370

1.356***

1.528

1.356***

[0.969]

[5.668]

[1.179]

[5.578]

[0.788]

[5.662]

Individual-level wealth quintile 4

1.301**

1.323***

1.277

1.321***

1.315

1.320***

[2.405]

[5.201]

[0.952]

[5.678]

[0.549]

[5.746]

Individual-level scheduled caste

1.023

1.136***

0.717

1.145***

568,135***

1.130***

[0.140]

[3.222]

[− 0.706]

[3.748]

[19.49]

[3.403]

Individual-level scheduled tribe

1.014

1.107**

1.432

1.109**

818,690***

1.118**

[0.0530]

[2.025]

[0.784]

[2.193]

[37.57]

[2.415]

No caste or tribe

1.103

1.018

0.902

1.034

635,336***

1.028

[1.426]

[0.485]

[− 0.229]

[1.060]

[19.88]

[0.888]

No toilet

1.186**

1.037

1.231

1.070*

1.604

1.069*

[2.051]

[0.877]

[1.177]

[1.794]

[1.402]

[1.799]

Individual-level rural

0.959

1.049

0.683**

1.046

0.988

1.034

[− 0.484]

[1.149]

[− 1.967]

[1.184]

[− 0.0232]

[0.884]

Percent in district who cannot read

1.020**

1.017***

1.034***

1.017***

0.955

1.019***

[2.271]

[5.518]

[3.191]

[5.432]

[− 0.931]

[6.567]

Percent in district who worked in last year

1.000

1.008***

0.990

1.007***

1.027

1.007***

[0.0285]

[5.493]

[− 1.065]

[5.499]

[0.959]

[4.986]

Percent in district with no sex preference

0.993

1.012***

1.012

1.011***

1.071

1.009**

[− 0.635]

[2.846]

[0.648]

[2.821]

[0.921]

[2.500]

Percent in district with male sex preference

1.006

1.018***

0.973

1.020***

1.183*

1.018***

[0.524]

[3.835]

[− 0.991]

[4.357]

[1.780]

[4.071]

Percent in district with health insurance

1.018*

0.994**

0.992

0.995

1.248*

0.995

[1.842]

[− 1.997]

[− 0.545]

[− 1.574]

[1.698]

[− 1.514]

Average mother's years of education in district

1.000

1.002***

1.003

1.001***

1.025***

1.001***

[− 0.321]

[4.669]

[1.568]

[4.636]

[3.553]

[4.655]

Average mother's years of education in district

1.000

0.999**

0.998

0.999**

0.977***

0.999**

[0.351]

[− 2.507]

[− 0.833]

[− 2.357]

[− 3.116]

[− 2.304]

Percent in poorest quintile in district

1.002

1.000

0.993

1.003

1.076

1.003

[0.196]

[− 0.0417]

[− 0.373]

[0.819]

[0.649]

[0.844]

Percent in wealth quintile 2 in district

1.015

0.992**

0.966

1.001

1.033

0.999

[1.486]

[− 2.015]

[− 1.604]

[0.226]

[0.368]

[− 0.220]

Percent in wealth quintile 3 in district

0.982**

1.010***

1.010

1.004

1.033

1.006*

[− 1.962]

[2.735]

[0.542]

[1.147]

[0.478]

[1.679]

Percent in wealth quintile 4 in district

1.016

0.996

0.992

1.004

1.089

1.003

[1.421]

[− 0.934]

[− 0.437]

[0.840]

[1.138]

[0.827]

Percent with no access to toilet in district

0.994

1.000

0.996

1.000

1.059*

0.999

[− 1.595]

[0.00334]

[− 0.502]

[− 0.342]

[1.703]

[− 0.800]

Percent in scheduled caste in district

1.003

1.003

0.988

1.003

0.806***

1.003

[0.562]

[1.303]

[− 0.666]

[1.504]

[− 2.750]

[1.534]

Percent in scheduled tribe in district

0.990**

0.999

1.001

0.996**

0 .924**

0.997**

[− 2.471]

[− 0.728]

[0.0803]

[− 2.503]

[− 2.316]

[− 2.231]

Percent in no caste or tribe

0.992**

1.000

0.996

0.999

0.958*

0.998

[− 2.107]

[0.0493]

[− 0.314]

[− 1.138]

[− 1.806]

[− 1.230]

Percent living in rural area in district

1.006

0.996**

1.010

0.996**

0.962

0.997*

[1.370]

[− 2.210]

[0.954]

[− 2.075]

[− 1.095]

[− 1.841]

Constant

0.00474***

0.000289***

0.00947*

0.000258***

0.00233

0.000264***

[− 2.809]

[− 10.97]

[− 1.777]

[− 11.10]

[− 0.648]

[− 11.38]

Observations

41,036

232,411

14,760

258,677

2929

270,634