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Table 5 Multivariate fixed effects logistic regression models of household health determinants

From: District-level religious composition and child health in India

 

Odds ratios from fixed effects logistic models of health determinants

Last Child Received BCG

Friends and relatives advised to vaccinate

Defecates in open field

Sought formal care for last child respiratory illness

Sought care at government facility for child’s respiratory illness

Variables

Percent of Muslim households in district

0.991***

1.003***

1.007***

0.998

0.991***

 

[− 3.586]

[3.180]

[5.707]

[− 1.163]

[− 3.416]

Percent of Christian households in district

0.993**

1.005***

1.013***

0.994**

0.980***

 

[− 2.285]

[3.833]

[5.122]

[− 2.229]

[− 6.152]

Percent of Buddhist households in district

1.003

1.007***

1.005*

0.990**

0.992

 

[0.692]

[3.584]

[1.765]

[− 2.325]

[− 1.171]

Percent of Sikh households in district

0.993

1.008***

0.994**

0.995

1.007

 

[− 0.946]

[2.855]

[− 1.991]

[− 0.582]

[0.855]

Herfindahl index (HHI)

0.884

1.476***

 

1.066

1.088

 

[− 0.573]

[4.465]

 

[0.351]

[0.357]

Individual-level Muslim

0.746

1.707***

0.284***

1.239

0.504**

 

[− 1.100]

[4.911]

[− 7.028]

[0.631]

[− 2.050]

Individual-level Hindu

1.273

1.212*

0.84

1.061

0.544*

 

[0.912]

[1.792]

[− 0.996]

[0.176]

[− 1.842]

Individual-level Christian

1.425

1.191

0.548***

0.982

0.584

 

[1.294]

[1.530]

[− 3.269]

[− 0.0525]

[− 1.529]

Individual-level Sikh

2.675***

1.037

0.646**

1.054

0.405**

 

[2.700]

[0.290]

[− 2.308]

[0.131]

[− 2.305]

Individual-level Buddhist

1.12

0.972

0.687*

0.82

0.672

 

[0.330]

[− 0.217]

[− 1.844]

[− 0.538]

[− 1.021]

Individual has health insurance

1.169

0.895***

0.828***

1.159*

1.048

 

[1.607]

[− 3.426]

[− 5.150]

[1.815]

[0.518]

Individual-level mother's years of education

1.077***

1.052***

0.962***

1.016***

0.996

 

[19.37]

[29.84]

[− 24.26]

[3.784]

[− 0.671]

Individual-level father's years of education

1.037***

1.010***

0.985***

1.014***

0.995

 

[12.89]

[6.493]

[− 9.467]

[4.089]

[− 0.949]

Individual-level poorest quintile

0.479***

1.390***

1,389***

0.585***

2.244***

 

[− 11.11]

[10.29]

[133.4]

[− 7.313]

[8.603]

Individual-level wealth quintile 2

0.527***

1.369***

237.0***

0.674***

2.147***

 

[− 10.13]

[10.70]

[147.4]

[− 5.717]

[8.973]

Individual-level wealth quintile 3

0.619***

1.287***

55.57***

0.727***

2.213***

 

[− 8.158]

[9.521]

[143.3]

[− 5.002]

[10.64]

Individual-level wealth quintile 4

0.673***

1.285***

11.36***

0.888**

1.762***

 

[− 7.153]

[11.33]

[104.9]

[− 2.050]

[8.777]

Individual-level scheduled caste

0.858***

1.226***

1.274***

1.036

1.063

 

[− 3.675]

[9.538]

[9.553]

[0.781]

[1.056]

Individual-level scheduled tribe

0.781***

1.107***

1.095**

0.783***

1.240***

 

[− 4.191]

[3.435]

[2.249]

[− 4.300]

[2.768]

No caste or tribe

0.906***

1.167***

1.201***

0.942

0.956

 

[− 2.769]

[8.565]

[8.772]

[− 1.526]

[− 0.903]

No toilet

0.958

1.102***

 

0.995

0.929

 

[− 0.996]

[4.665]

 

[− 0.0997]

[− 1.342]

Individual-level rural

1.303***

0.958*

3.621***

0.842***

0.927

 

[5.334]

[− 1.796]

[43.61]

[− 3.534]

[− 1.291]

Percent in district who cannot read

1.007*

1

1.003

0.998

0.999

 

[1.708]

[− 0.113]

[1.386]

[− 0.645]

[− 0.340]

Percent in district who worked in last year

0.999

1.004***

0.996***

0.997*

1.007***

 

[− 0.589]

[4.070]

[− 3.099]

[− 1.816]

[3.031]

Percent in district with no sex preference

1.008

1.022***

0.993**

0.991*

0.987**

 

[1.458]

[8.003]

[− 1.991]

[− 1.829]

[− 2.143]

Percent in district with male sex preference

1

1.016***

0.991**

0.991*

0.969***

 

[0.0421]

[5.051]

[− 2.282]

[− 1.679]

[− 4.370]

Percent in district with health insurance

0.991*

1.008***

1.003

0.994

0.998

 

[− 1.858]

[4.317]

[1.221]

[− 1.438]

[− 0.477]

Average mother's years of education in district

1.003***

0.999***

1

1

1

 

[8.084]

[− 4.665]

[− 0.379]

[− 0.0898]

[0.631]

Average mother's years of education in district

0.998***

1

1.000**

0.999***

1.001***

 

[− 6.797]

[1.445]

[2.240]

[− 4.441]

[2.958]

Percent in poorest quintile in district

1

0.992***

0.940***

0.989***

1.022***

 

[− 0.084]

[− 3.285]

[− 19.84]

[− 2.611]

[4.011]

Percent in wealth quintile 2 in district

0.998

0.996*

0.938***

0.995

0.981***

 

[− 0.375]

[− 1.651]

[− 17.78]

[− 0.970]

[− 3.282]

Percent in wealth quintile 3 in district

1.007

0.990***

0.956***

0.995

1.029***

 

[1.491]

[− 4.128]

[− 14.02]

[− 1.188]

[4.814]

Percent in wealth quintile 4 in district

1.006

1

0.973***

1.007

0.995

 

[0.912]

[0.0333]

[− 7.999]

[1.269]

[− 0.859]

Percent with no access to toilet in district

1

1.005***

1.090***

0.995***

0.997

 

[− 0.027]

[5.833]

[69.64]

[− 2.897]

[− 1.393]

Percent in scheduled caste in district

1.006*

1.003

0.998

0.998

0.997

 

[1.782]

[1.597]

[− 0.723]

[− 0.534]

[− 0.778]

Percent in scheduled tribe in district

1.005**

0.996***

0.998*

1

1.012***

 

[2.161]

[− 3.785]

[− 1.740]

[− 0.0998]

[5.107]

Percent in no caste or tribe

1.001

1.002**

0.997**

1.004**

1.001

 

[0.510]

[2.268]

[− 2.223]

[2.386]

[0.471]

Percent living in rural area in district

1.003

0.999

0.992***

1.004*

1.005**

 

[1.030]

[− 0.588]

[− 5.754]

[1.842]

[2.019]

Constant

16.40***

0.00290***

0.0284***

37.06***

3.151

 

[3.047]

[− 15.39]

[− 7.329]

[4.511]

[1.227]

Observations

149,520

697,882

694,272

60,734

43,866

  1. t-statistics in brackets
  2. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01