From: District-level religious composition and child health in India
Odds ratios from fixed effects logistic models of health determinants | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Last Child Received BCG | Friends and relatives advised to vaccinate | Defecates in open field | Sought formal care for last child respiratory illness | Sought care at government facility for child’s respiratory illness | |
Variables | |||||
Percent of Muslim households in district | 0.991*** | 1.003*** | 1.007*** | 0.998 | 0.991*** |
[− 3.586] | [3.180] | [5.707] | [− 1.163] | [− 3.416] | |
Percent of Christian households in district | 0.993** | 1.005*** | 1.013*** | 0.994** | 0.980*** |
[− 2.285] | [3.833] | [5.122] | [− 2.229] | [− 6.152] | |
Percent of Buddhist households in district | 1.003 | 1.007*** | 1.005* | 0.990** | 0.992 |
[0.692] | [3.584] | [1.765] | [− 2.325] | [− 1.171] | |
Percent of Sikh households in district | 0.993 | 1.008*** | 0.994** | 0.995 | 1.007 |
[− 0.946] | [2.855] | [− 1.991] | [− 0.582] | [0.855] | |
Herfindahl index (HHI) | 0.884 | 1.476*** | 1.066 | 1.088 | |
[− 0.573] | [4.465] | [0.351] | [0.357] | ||
Individual-level Muslim | 0.746 | 1.707*** | 0.284*** | 1.239 | 0.504** |
[− 1.100] | [4.911] | [− 7.028] | [0.631] | [− 2.050] | |
Individual-level Hindu | 1.273 | 1.212* | 0.84 | 1.061 | 0.544* |
[0.912] | [1.792] | [− 0.996] | [0.176] | [− 1.842] | |
Individual-level Christian | 1.425 | 1.191 | 0.548*** | 0.982 | 0.584 |
[1.294] | [1.530] | [− 3.269] | [− 0.0525] | [− 1.529] | |
Individual-level Sikh | 2.675*** | 1.037 | 0.646** | 1.054 | 0.405** |
[2.700] | [0.290] | [− 2.308] | [0.131] | [− 2.305] | |
Individual-level Buddhist | 1.12 | 0.972 | 0.687* | 0.82 | 0.672 |
[0.330] | [− 0.217] | [− 1.844] | [− 0.538] | [− 1.021] | |
Individual has health insurance | 1.169 | 0.895*** | 0.828*** | 1.159* | 1.048 |
[1.607] | [− 3.426] | [− 5.150] | [1.815] | [0.518] | |
Individual-level mother's years of education | 1.077*** | 1.052*** | 0.962*** | 1.016*** | 0.996 |
[19.37] | [29.84] | [− 24.26] | [3.784] | [− 0.671] | |
Individual-level father's years of education | 1.037*** | 1.010*** | 0.985*** | 1.014*** | 0.995 |
[12.89] | [6.493] | [− 9.467] | [4.089] | [− 0.949] | |
Individual-level poorest quintile | 0.479*** | 1.390*** | 1,389*** | 0.585*** | 2.244*** |
[− 11.11] | [10.29] | [133.4] | [− 7.313] | [8.603] | |
Individual-level wealth quintile 2 | 0.527*** | 1.369*** | 237.0*** | 0.674*** | 2.147*** |
[− 10.13] | [10.70] | [147.4] | [− 5.717] | [8.973] | |
Individual-level wealth quintile 3 | 0.619*** | 1.287*** | 55.57*** | 0.727*** | 2.213*** |
[− 8.158] | [9.521] | [143.3] | [− 5.002] | [10.64] | |
Individual-level wealth quintile 4 | 0.673*** | 1.285*** | 11.36*** | 0.888** | 1.762*** |
[− 7.153] | [11.33] | [104.9] | [− 2.050] | [8.777] | |
Individual-level scheduled caste | 0.858*** | 1.226*** | 1.274*** | 1.036 | 1.063 |
[− 3.675] | [9.538] | [9.553] | [0.781] | [1.056] | |
Individual-level scheduled tribe | 0.781*** | 1.107*** | 1.095** | 0.783*** | 1.240*** |
[− 4.191] | [3.435] | [2.249] | [− 4.300] | [2.768] | |
No caste or tribe | 0.906*** | 1.167*** | 1.201*** | 0.942 | 0.956 |
[− 2.769] | [8.565] | [8.772] | [− 1.526] | [− 0.903] | |
No toilet | 0.958 | 1.102*** | 0.995 | 0.929 | |
[− 0.996] | [4.665] | [− 0.0997] | [− 1.342] | ||
Individual-level rural | 1.303*** | 0.958* | 3.621*** | 0.842*** | 0.927 |
[5.334] | [− 1.796] | [43.61] | [− 3.534] | [− 1.291] | |
Percent in district who cannot read | 1.007* | 1 | 1.003 | 0.998 | 0.999 |
[1.708] | [− 0.113] | [1.386] | [− 0.645] | [− 0.340] | |
Percent in district who worked in last year | 0.999 | 1.004*** | 0.996*** | 0.997* | 1.007*** |
[− 0.589] | [4.070] | [− 3.099] | [− 1.816] | [3.031] | |
Percent in district with no sex preference | 1.008 | 1.022*** | 0.993** | 0.991* | 0.987** |
[1.458] | [8.003] | [− 1.991] | [− 1.829] | [− 2.143] | |
Percent in district with male sex preference | 1 | 1.016*** | 0.991** | 0.991* | 0.969*** |
[0.0421] | [5.051] | [− 2.282] | [− 1.679] | [− 4.370] | |
Percent in district with health insurance | 0.991* | 1.008*** | 1.003 | 0.994 | 0.998 |
[− 1.858] | [4.317] | [1.221] | [− 1.438] | [− 0.477] | |
Average mother's years of education in district | 1.003*** | 0.999*** | 1 | 1 | 1 |
[8.084] | [− 4.665] | [− 0.379] | [− 0.0898] | [0.631] | |
Average mother's years of education in district | 0.998*** | 1 | 1.000** | 0.999*** | 1.001*** |
[− 6.797] | [1.445] | [2.240] | [− 4.441] | [2.958] | |
Percent in poorest quintile in district | 1 | 0.992*** | 0.940*** | 0.989*** | 1.022*** |
[− 0.084] | [− 3.285] | [− 19.84] | [− 2.611] | [4.011] | |
Percent in wealth quintile 2 in district | 0.998 | 0.996* | 0.938*** | 0.995 | 0.981*** |
[− 0.375] | [− 1.651] | [− 17.78] | [− 0.970] | [− 3.282] | |
Percent in wealth quintile 3 in district | 1.007 | 0.990*** | 0.956*** | 0.995 | 1.029*** |
[1.491] | [− 4.128] | [− 14.02] | [− 1.188] | [4.814] | |
Percent in wealth quintile 4 in district | 1.006 | 1 | 0.973*** | 1.007 | 0.995 |
[0.912] | [0.0333] | [− 7.999] | [1.269] | [− 0.859] | |
Percent with no access to toilet in district | 1 | 1.005*** | 1.090*** | 0.995*** | 0.997 |
[− 0.027] | [5.833] | [69.64] | [− 2.897] | [− 1.393] | |
Percent in scheduled caste in district | 1.006* | 1.003 | 0.998 | 0.998 | 0.997 |
[1.782] | [1.597] | [− 0.723] | [− 0.534] | [− 0.778] | |
Percent in scheduled tribe in district | 1.005** | 0.996*** | 0.998* | 1 | 1.012*** |
[2.161] | [− 3.785] | [− 1.740] | [− 0.0998] | [5.107] | |
Percent in no caste or tribe | 1.001 | 1.002** | 0.997** | 1.004** | 1.001 |
[0.510] | [2.268] | [− 2.223] | [2.386] | [0.471] | |
Percent living in rural area in district | 1.003 | 0.999 | 0.992*** | 1.004* | 1.005** |
[1.030] | [− 0.588] | [− 5.754] | [1.842] | [2.019] | |
Constant | 16.40*** | 0.00290*** | 0.0284*** | 37.06*** | 3.151 |
[3.047] | [− 15.39] | [− 7.329] | [4.511] | [1.227] | |
Observations | 149,520 | 697,882 | 694,272 | 60,734 | 43,866 |