Table 2 Study-specific case definition, methods of inflammatory diet assessment, and effect size model adjustments
From: Dietary inflammatory potential and the incidence of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis
Study | Case definition | Criteria for case | Assessment of Inflammatory diet | Food parameters derived | Model adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lucas et al. [25] | Depression | Self-reported physician-diagnosed depression and regular antidepressant use (strict definition) | Measured CRP, IL-6, and TNF-a receptor 2 | 39 | Age, BMI, total energy intake, smoking, physical activity, menopause status, HRT, marital status, retired, education, husband education, ethnicity, multivitamin use, reported diagnosis of cancer, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, diabetes, MHI-5 score at baseline, alcohol intake, caffeine intake |
Sanchez-Villages et al. [29] | Depression | Use of antidepressants and/or physician diagnosis | DII | 28 | Age, BMI, smoking, physical activity during leisure time, use of vitamin supplements, total energy intake, presence of diseases at baseline (CVD, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) |
Akbaraly et al. [21] | Recurrent depressive symptoms | CES-D score ≥ 16 or treated by antidepressants | DII | 27 | Age, ethnicity, total energy intake, socioeconomic status, marital status, smoking habits, physical activity, alcohol intake, coronary heart diseases, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, HDL cholesterol, use of lipid-lowering drugs, central obesity, cognitive impairment |
Shivappa et al. [31] | Depressive symptoms | CES-D-10 score ≥ 10 | DII | 26 | Total energy intake, highest qualification completed, marital status, menopause status, night sweats, major personal illness or injury, smoking, physical activity, BMI, depression diagnosis or treatment |
Wirth et al. [34] | Depressive symptoms | PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 | DII | 26 | Race, education, marital status, perceived health, current infection status, family history of smoking, smoking status, past cancer diagnosis, arthritis, age, average nightly sleep duration |
Bergmans et al. [22] | Depression | PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 | DII | N/A? | Age, ethnicity, poverty income ratio category, employment status, health insurance status, educational status, marital status, BMI, smoking, physical activity, sedentary time, use of vitamin supplements, total energy intake, menopause (among women), any comorbidity (history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, CVD, respiratory illness, or cancer) |
Frequent anxiety | HRQOL: Frequent anxiety was defined as reporting feeling worried, tense, or anxious > 14 days out of the past 30 | ||||
Adjibade et al. [35] | Depressive symptoms | CES-D (French) score ≥ 17 in men and ≥ 23 in women | DII | 36 | Age, intervention group during trial phase, education level, marital status, socio-professional status, energy intake without alcohol, number of 24-h dietary records, interval between the 2 CES-D measurements, smoking status, physical activity, BMI, cancer or cardiovascular events during follow-up |
Phillips et al. [26] | Depressive symptoms | CES-D score ≥ 16 | E-DII | 26 | Age, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, antidepressant use, history of depression |
Anxiety | HADS scores ≥ 13 | ||||
Jorgensen et al. [24] | Depression | PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 | DII | 28 | Race, education, annual household income, use of prescription cholesterol-lowering medication, lifetime history of cancer, BMI, physical activity, age, sex, current smoking status, taking dietary supplements in past 30 days, total energy intake |
Salari-Moghaddam et al. [27] | Depression | HADS ≥ 8 | DII | 29 | Age, sex, total energy intake, marital status education, family size, home ownership, antidepressant use, vitamin supplements use, smoking physical activity |
Anxiety | HADS ≥ 8 | ||||
Shivappa et al. [30] | Depressive symptoms | CES-D score ≥ 16 | DII | 24 | Age, sex, race, BMI, education, smoking habits, yearly income, CES-D at baseline, statins use, NSAIDs or cortisone use |
Shivappa et al. [32] | Depressive symptoms | DASS-21 (Persian) score > 9 | DII | 31 | Age, energy, physical activity, BMI, smoking, presence of chronic disease, diet supplement use, salary, marital status |
Vermeulen et al. [33] | Depression | CED-D score ≥ 20 | Measured CRP, IL6 and TNF- a | 10 | Sex, age, marital status, education in years, depressive symptoms at baseline, smoking status, physical activity, antidepressant use, anti-inflammatory drugs, cardiovascular events, diabetes, waist circumference |
Haghighatdoost et al. [23] | Depression | GHQ scores ≥ 12 | DII | 27 | Age, marital status, education, BMI, smoking, physical activity, anti-psychotropic medicine use, suffering from gastrointestinal disorders |
Adjibade et al. [20] | Depressive symptoms | CES-D ≥ 17 for men and ≥ 23 for women | ADII | 34 | Age, sex, marital status, educational, occupational categories, monthly household income, residential area, energy intake without alcohol, number of 24-h dietary records, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, BMI, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular events |
Açik et al. [19] | Depression | Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale ≥ 50 | DII | 29 | Age, total energy intake, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, minimally active, BMI and energy intake |
Salari-Moghaddam et al. [28] | Depression | HADS ≥ 8 | FDII | 28 | Age, sex, total energy intake, marital status education, family size, home ownership, antidepressant use, vitamin supplements use, smoking physical activity |
Anxiety | HADS ≥ 8 |