Table 2 Characteristics of the studies that examined the relationship between dietary diversity and micronutrient adequacy in children of 2–5 years old
First author (Year) | Country/study design | Sample size/age of infants | Method and duration of food intake assessment | No. of food groups considered/classification of DD | No. and type of micronutrients considered | DD criteria, MAR criteria | Adjusted covariates | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arsenault [28] | Bangladesh/cross-sectional | 480/24–48 months | 12-h weighed food records and 12-h recall/2 d | 9/2 different DDS based on minimum amount of foods consumed | 11/Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin A, iron, calcium, and zinc | –/WHO | Age, breast-feeding, stunted, wasted, season, and housing quality | MPA was positively associated with both DDS (p < 0.0001) |
Diop [29] | Burkina Faso/cross-sectional | 1066/24–59 months | 24-h recall/24 h | 11 and 7/MDD: ≥ 4 food groups | 11/vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, calcium, zinc, and iron | FAO and WHO/WHO | Energy intake | Both FGS-10 and FGS-7 had a positive linear association with MPAs (p < 0.001) |
Kennedy [30] | Philippine/cross-sectional | 3164/24–71 months | 24-h recall/24 h | 9/DDS: ranged 0–9 | 11/Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin A, iron, calcium, and zinc | –/WHO | Child age, sex, weight, and height, and energy intake | DDS was significant predictors of adequate micronutrient intake (p < 0.001) |
Torrico [31] | Philippines/cross-sectional | 1262/3–5 years | 24-h recall/24 h | 10/- | 6/Iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin | FAO/PDRI 2015 | – | There was significant positive correlation between MAR and DDS (r = 0.29; p < 0.0001) |
Zhao [32] | China/cross-sectional | 1694/3–6 years | 24-h dietary record/24 h | 10/DDS ranged 0 to 9. Consuming at least 10 g from a unique food group except for the group of oils and fats | 11/Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin A, iron, calcium, and zinc | FAO/FAO | Energy intake | DDS was positively correlated with indicators of micronutrient adequacy (p < 0.05) |