Variables | Non-diabetic group (n = 2611) | Diabetic group (n = 495) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Female, n (%) | 1556 (59.6) | 247 (49.9) | < 0.001 |
Age (year) | 57 (45, 66) | 64 (56, 72) | < 0.001 |
Educational level, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Elementary level or lower | 735 (28.2) | 187 (37.9) | |
Junior high school level | 963 (37.0) | 170 (34.4) | |
High school level | 646 (24.8) | 99 (20.0) | |
College level or higher | 258 (9.9) | 38 (7.7) | |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.003 | ||
Unmarried | 92 (3.5) | 6 (1.2) | |
Currently married | 2198 (84.8) | 411 (83.5) | |
Others (widowed, divorced, etc.) | 302 (11.7) | 75 (15.2) | |
Place of residence, n (%) | 0.004 | ||
Urban | 2156 (82.6) | 435 (87.9) | |
Rural | 455 (17.4) | 60 (12.1) | |
Smoking, n (%) | 734 (28.1) | 174 (35.2) | 0.002 |
General obesity, n (%) | 343 (13.1) | 102 (20.6) | < 0.001 |
Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 1036 (39.7) | 288 (58.2) | < 0.001 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 4.82 (4.36, 5.33) | 7.40 (6.29, 9.52) | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 4.90 (4.30, 5.50) | 7.10 (5.80, 8.40) | < 0.001 |
Energy (kcal) | 1408.00 (1129.00, 1739.00) | 1372.00 (1144.00, 1673.00) | 0.499 |
Vitamin A (μgRE) | 280.00 (134.00, 500.00) | 285.00 (155.00, 435.00) | 0.946 |
Thiamine (mg) | 0.44 (0.32, 0.64) | 0.43 (0.31, 0.56) | 0.024 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 0.59 (0.42, 0.81) | 0.56 (0.42, 0.73) | 0.018 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.12 (0.05, 0.22) | 0.12 (0.06, 0.21) | 0.307 |
Folate (μg) | 27.60 (9.30, 57.80) | 32.03 (15.37, 57.70) | 0.001 |
Niacin (mg) | 7.90 (5.50, 11.60) | 7.00 (5.00, 9.40) | < 0.001 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 45.70 (23.30, 79.50) | 40.60 (25.30, 62.80) | 0.010 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 24.75 (14.95, 41.73) | 27.82 (16.39, 42.19) | 0.046 |