Subgroup | Number of studies | Prevalence (%) | Lower limit | Upper limit | Z-value | p value | I2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on the continent | |||||||
Africa | 2 | 4.8 | 0.8 | 24 | − 3.2 | 0.001 | 85.6 |
Asia | 20 | 7.4 | 4.6 | 11.7 | − 9.9 | 0.000 | 93.8 |
Central/North America | 20 | 5.1 | 3.1 | 8.4 | − 10.9 | 0.000 | 94.1 |
Europe | 17 | 6.8 | 3.9 | 11.3 | − 9.1 | 0.000 | 95.6 |
South America | 1 | 0.6 | 0.08 | 17.0 | − 2.8 | 0.004 | 0.0 |
Overall | 60 | 6.2 | 4.7 | 8.2 | − 17.8 | 0.000 | 94.4 |
Test of heterogeneity between subgroups: Q-value:3.095, p value: 0.542 | |||||||
Based on the sampling year | |||||||
TF1 (2004-the end of 2008) | 8 | 5.1 | 2.3 | 10.9 | − 6.9 | 0.000 | 97.0 |
TF2 (2009-the end of 2013) | 23 | 5.7 | 3.6 | 9 | − 11.2 | 0.000 | 93.6 |
TF3 (2014 ≤) | 13 | 8.4 | 4.6 | 15.1 | − 7.1 | 0.000 | 92.4 |
Overall | 44 | 6.3 | 4.5 | 8.7 | − 14.9 | 0.000 | 94.4 |
Test of heterogeneity between subgroups: Q-value: 1.372, p value: 0.504 | |||||||
Based on the sample types | |||||||
C-meat/Ham | 5 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 12.1 | − 5.2 | 0.000 | 74.2 |
C-poultry | 2 | 6.2 | 0.5 | 44.8 | − 2.1 | 0.034 | 0.0 |
C-seafood | 1 | 10.0 | 0.6 | 67.6 | − 1.5 | 0.144 | 0.0 |
Milk/Dairy | 6 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 15.7 | − 4.3 | 0.000 | 77.6 |
Pet Food | 1 | 7.1 | 0.2 | 72.8 | − 1.4 | 0.157 | 0.0 |
R-meat | 35 | 5.6 | 4.0 | 8.4 | − 13.6 | 0.000 | 94.3 |
R-poultry | 17 | 6.1 | 3.4 | 10.7 | − 8.7 | 0.000 | 74.5 |
RTE meat | 4 | 7.9 | 2.0 | 26.5 | − 3.3 | 0.001 | 88.6 |
Salad | 7 | 6.1 | 2.4 | 14.9 | − 5.4 | 0.000 | 75.0 |
S-dishes | 5 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3.3 | − 6.4 | 0.000 | 0.0 |
Seafood | 7 | 10.3 | 4.6 | 21.4 | − 4.9 | 0.000 | 96.4 |
Soy | 2 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 29.1 | − 2.7 | 0.008 | 0.0 |
Veg | 10 | 5.7 | 2.6 | 11.8 | − 6.9 | 0.000 | 77.7 |
Overall | 102 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 7.3 | − 21.6 | 0.000 | 90.2 |
Test of heterogeneity between subgroups: Q-value: 10.657, p value: 0.557 |