Skip to main content

Table 2 Dietary intakes over quartiles of the polyphenol intake (n = 391)

From: Inflammatory biomarkers in overweight and obese Iranian women are associated with polyphenol intake

Variables

Polyphenol intake (mg/day)

 

Total

Q1 (n = 97)

Q2 (n = 99)

Q3 (n = 97)

Q4 (n = 98)

P-value (P value*)

n = 391

 ≤ 1829.690

1829.690–2291.151

2291.151–2907.076

 ≥ 2907.076

 
 

Mean ± SD

Food groups

 

Refined grains (g/d)

432.348 ± 220.133

487.447 ± 238.097

404.826 ± 161.618

430.989 ± 183.160

417.703 ± 267.050

0.162 (0.225)

Whole grains (g/d)

7.586 ± 10.410

4.708 ± 7.725

6.050 ± 6.162

5.559 ± 8.371

12.381 ± 13.981

0.001 (0.001)

Fruits (g/d)

528.904 ± 338.168

374.319 ± 255.673

464.425 ± 262.148

559.592 ± 333.636

653.716 ± 389.371

0.001 (0.001)

Vegetables (g/d)

433.577 ± 263.259

312.342 ± 212.8748

371.036 ± 204.630

413.028 ± 218.606

578.574 ± 303.201

0.001 (0.001)

Nuts(g/d)

14.370 ± 16.186

15.697 ± 19.235

11.560 ± 11.326

15.045 ± 18.858

15.030 ± 14.568

0.443 (0.768)

Legumes (g/d)

52.691 ± 41.278

25.660 ± 14.817

31.199 ± 16.281

48.962 ± 27.665

89.975 ± 48.579

0.001 (0.001)

Dairy (g/d)

387.451 ± 246.357

373.513 ± 245.500

404.440 ± 273.289

346.884 ± 202.902

418.386 ± 257.758

0.266 (0.129)

Meat (g/d)

64.571 ± 50.175

70.145 ± 70.490

64.024 ± 40.211

64.024 ± 40.211

63.049 ± 41.354

0.816 (0.793)

SSB (g/d)

25.047 ± 62.772

48.713 ± 85.723

19.875 ± 74.412

26.632 ± 58.077

11.898 ± 23.271

0.005 (0.004)

Tea and Coffee

740.410 ± 758.213

52.691 ± 41.278

868.269 ± 1250.122

660.781 ± 455.827

718.426 ± 525.151

0.421 (0.296)

Energy (kcal)

2633.280 ± 809.432

2785.995 ± 938.708

2472.503 ± 841.017

2594.196 ± 733.584

2683.226 ± 679.110

0.046

Cho (g/d)

372.450 ± 124.594

385.642 ± 143.225

343.760 ± 122.043

367.429 ± 111.592

393.345 ± 115.152

0.026 (0.003)

Cho energy %

56.4119 ± 6.570

55.865 ± 6.884

56.870 ± 6.606

55.484 ± 6.653

57.385 ± 6.0465

0.166 (0.172)

Protein (g/d)

91.3120 ± 31.459

94.762 ± 37.378

87.257 ± 31.318

88.342 ± 29.446

94.932 ± 26.394

0.174 (0.375)

Protein energy %

14.028 ± 2.521

14.567 ± 2.860

14.346 ± 2.621

13.286 ± 2.089

13.911 ± 2.299

0.003 (0.003)

Total fat (g/d)

95.139 ± 35.173

103.487 ± 39.515

91.111 ± 36.010

94.273 ± 36.348

91.804 ± 26.697

0.052 (0.018)

Fat energy %

32.509 ± 6.269

32.606 ± 6.414

31.663 ± 6.120

34.142 ± 6.568

31.673 ± 5.721

0.019 (0.020)

Chol (mg/d)

264.066 ± 113.129

291.294 ± 140.780

256.999 ± 109.770

255.536 ± 104.560

252.700 ± 88.615

0.056 (0.135)

SFA (mg/d)

28.409 ± 11.545

31.712 ± 12.988

27.880 ± 12.077

27.451 ± 11.047

26.622 ± 9.245

0.01 (0.001)

MUFA (mg/d)

32.008 ± 12.917

35.244 ± 14.756

30.372 ± 12.821

32.133 ± 13.770

30.333 ± 9.248

0.025 (0.020)

Linolenic (g/d)

1.2133 ± 0.667

1.228 ± 0.716

1.132 ± 0.630

1.203 ± 0.695

1.289 ± 0.624

0.042 (0.632)

Total fiber (g/d)

47.344 ± 21.360

41.781 ± 20.347

44.819 ± 23.22695

48.255 ± 22.740

54.499 ± 16.668

0.001 (0.001)

Vit A (RAE-mcg/d)

762.948 ± 405.761

674.505 ± 367.451

706.901 ± 349.372

780.685 ± 439.572

889.550 ± 431.565

0.001 (0.747)

Betacarotene (mg/d)

5123.544 ± 3403.758

4120.661 ± 2716.325

4466.759 ± 2436.132

5136.473 ± 3109.769

6766.883 ± 4420.102

0.001 (0.001)

Vit C (mg/d)

188.409 ± 116.765

3403.758 ± 90.513

171.211 ± 94.175

193.429 ± 140.157

234.152 ± 121.377

0.001 (0.001)

Vit E (mg/L)

17.015 ± 9.051

16.984 ± 9.137

15.199 ± 7.703

18.978 ± 11.571

16.936 ± 6.861

0.035 (0.021)

Vit B1 (mg/d)

2.139 ± 0.735

2.257 ± 0.870

2.036 ± 0.758

2.124 ± 0.682

2.143 ± 0.596

0.215 (0.715)

Vit B2 (mg/d)

2.275 ± 0.871

2.330 ± 0.975

2.239 ± 0.872

2.241 ± 0.955

2.289 ± 0.656

0.866 (0.237)

Vit B3 (mg/d)

26.357 ± 10.100

27.937 ± 12.826

25.272 ± 25.272

25.608 ± 9.029

26.631 ± 8.235

0.249 (0.808)

Vit B5 (mg/d)

6.453 ± 2.386

6.595 ± 3.163

5.972 ± 2.083

6.278 ± 1.951

2.067 ± 6.970

0.023 (0.042)

Vit B6 (mg/d)

2.198 ± 0.757

2.188 ± 0.849

2.057 ± 0.708

2.147 ± 0.729

2.400 ± 0.704

0.012 (0.001)

Folate (μg/d)

620.270 ± 192.938

607.208 ± 212.970

573.316 ± 193.985

610.843 ± 176.514

689.965 ± 168.841

0.001 (0.001)

Biotin (mg/d)

38.259 ± 16.818

37.423 ± 22.273

35.213 ± 14.455

36.431 ± 13.264

43.973 ± 14.648

0.001 (0.001)

Vit B12 (mg/d)

4.344 ± 2.482

4.482 ± 2.333

4.449 ± 2.777

4.462 ± 2.974

3.984 ± 1.632

0.432 (0.065)

Magnesium (mg/d)

475.679 ± 171.578

480.696 ± 194.732

451.830 ± 184.342

460.922 ± 150.248

509.411 ± 148.952

0.089 (0.011)

Zinc (mg/d)

13.412 ± 4.876

14.222 ± 5.824

12.805 ± 4.962

12.965 ± 4.420

13.665 ± 4.064

0.152 (0.655)

Copper (mg/d)

2.021 ± 0.751

1.992 ± 0.930

1.859 ± 0.699

2.005 ± 0.668

2.230 ± 0.633

0.006 (0.001)

Mn (mg/day)

8.052 ± 4.057

8.589 ± 4.384

8.270 ± 5.248

7.687 ± 3.101

7.662 ± 3.034

0.300 (0.072)

Selenium (µ/day)

126.476 ± 49.619

138.423 ± 58.883

122.915 ± 52.984

124.677 ± 43.410

120.029 ± 39.562

0.047 (0.014)

Ca (mg/day)

1268.618 ± 534.667

1300.678 ± 586.375

1278.493 ± 570.533

1217.305 ± 538.121

1277.697 ± 435.643

0.730 (0.138)

Fe (mg/day)

26.430 ± 20.906

534.667 ± 22.996

27.726 ± 25.963

24.549 ± 16.458

24.279 ± 16.353

0.278 (0.144)

Others

      

Caffeine (g/d)

153.183 ± 148.839

152.417 ± 109.811

172.547 ± 230.710

143.013 ± 994.910

144.341 ± 17.235

0.482 (0.305)

Variables

Polyphenol intake (ml/day)

 

Total

Q1 (n = 98)

Q2 (n = 98)

Q3 (n = 98)

Q4 (n = 97)

P-value (P value*)

 

 ≤ 1829.690

1829.690–2291.151

2291.151–2907.076

 ≥ 2907.076

Mean ± SD

Food groups

      

Refined grains (g/d)

432.348 ± 220.133

420.989 ± 183.338

432.322 ± 161.739

408.707 ± 181.235

467.684 321.291

0.419 (0.950)

Whole grains (g/d)

7.586 ± 10.410

9.378 ± 10.975

6.094 ± 9.735

7.254 ± 9.627

7.598 ± 11.144

0.281 (0.198)

Fruits (g/d)

528.904 ± 338.168

543.835 ± 362.397

490.035 ± 303.375

497.149 ± 274.227

585.497 ± 396.729

0.292 (0.287)

Vegetables (g/d)

433.577 ± 263.259

420.946 ± 269.639

405.411 ± 254.793

444.230 ± 269.453

466.168 ± 260.486

0.734 (0.478)

Nuts(g/d)

14.370 ± 16.186

15.291 ± 14.108

13.776 ± 17.871

10.756 ± 10.328

17.588 ± 20.184

0.084 (0.254)

Legumes (g/d)

52.691 ± 41.278

58.013 ± 51.176

49.867 ± 27.098

47.202 ± 37.867

55.466 ± 44.987

0.370 (0.357)

Dairy (g/d)

387.451 ± 246.357

339.776 ± 214.481

426.006 ± 273.197

370.470 ± 186.629

413.155 ± 290.531

0.126 (0.315)

Meat (g/d)

64.571 ± 50.175

65.747 ± 66.652

59.282 ± 30.557

67.548 ± 53.987

65.981 ± 42.793

0.760 (0.292)

SSB (g/d)

25.047 ± 62.772

19.935 ± 51.751

27.802 ± 57.514

21.502 ± 57.084

31.032 ± 81.848

0.682 (0.940)

Tea and Coffee

740.410 ± 758.213

218.306 ± 136.179

489.125 ± 153.566

741.350 ± 162.236

1556.443 ± 1129.625

0.001 (0.001)ab

Energy (kcal)

2633.280 ± 809.432

2652.651 ± 811.850

2670.883 ± 818.580

2670.883 ± 818.580

2703.033 ± 840.203

0.340

Cho (g/d)

372.450 ± 124.594

375.522 ± 129.361

372.353 ± 125.071

353.915 ± 106.566

388.169 ± 135.153

0.288 (0.398)

Cho energy %

56.449 ± 6.467

57.032 ± 6.754

56.821 ± 6.786

55.383 ± 6.151

56.494 ± 6.129

0.509 (0.485)

Protein (g/d)

91.312 ± 31.459

94.432 ± 35.007

90.673 ± 29.709

88.568 ± 30.774

91.576 ± 30.257

0.626 (0.159)

Protein energy %

14.050 ± 2.628

14.102 ± 2.758

14.219 ± 2.926

14.227 ± 2.431

13.626 ± 2.286

0.107 (0.076)

Total fat (g/d)

95.139 ± 35.173

94.771 ± 34.761

99.414 ± 36.846

90.052 ± 34.926

96.333 ± 33.969

0.306 (0.382)

Fat energy %

32.415 ± 5.959

31.711 ± 5.966

323.048 ± 6.163

33.362 ± 5.980

32.624 ± 5.715

0.585 (0.441)

Chol (mg/d)

264.066 ± 113.129

266.450 ± 112.268

256.416 ± 105.515

258.153 ± 104.506

275.362 ± 129.392

0.633 (0.621)

SFA (mg/d)

28.409 ± 11.545

27.553 ± 10.904

29.768 ± 12.173

27.458 ± 11.623

28.862 ± 11.461

0.440 (0.265)

MUFA (mg/d)

32.008 ± 12.917

32.274 ± 13.196

33.222 ± 13.176

30.602 ± 13.233

31.932 ± 12.078

0.559 (0.611)

Linolenic (g/d)

1.213 ± 0.667

1.227 ± 0.673

1.248 ± 0.727

1.141 ± 0.580

1.235 ± 0.683

0.672 (0.974)

Total fiber (g/d)

47.344 ± 21.360

50.314 ± 24.223

45.877 ± 16.736

44.618 ± 19.282

48.578 ± 24.116

0.233 (0.196)

Vit A (RAE-mcg/d)

762.948 ± 405.761

765.138 ± 365.821

744.211 ± 383.140

762.022 ± 458.493

780.600 ± 415.004

0.942 (0.600)

Betacarotene (mg/d)

5123.544 ± 3403.758

5007.623 ± 2827.668

4841.400 ± 2887.560

5429.028 ± 4454.620

5217.079 ± 3211.398

0.650 (0.313)

Vit C (mg/d)

188.409 ± 116.765

203.463 ± 148.489

180.661 ± 92.863

175.585 ± 97.039

193.986 ± 119.958

0.326 (0.406)

Vit E (mg/L)

17.015 ± 9.051

18.269 ± 9.737

18.138 ± 9.928

16.023 ± 8.561

15.615 ± 7.582

0.075 (0.044)a

Vit B1 (mg/d)

2.139 ± 0.735

2.215 ± 0.790

2.141 ± 0.639

2.070 ± 0.702

2.132 ± 0.800

0.590 (0.100)

Vit B2 (mg/d)

2.275 ± 0.871

2.302 ± 0.937

2.310 ± 0.925

2.175 ± 0.745

2.312 ± 0.867

0.632 (0.978)

Vit B3 (mg/d)

26.357 ± 10.100

27.766 ± 11.585

25.771 ± 9.152

25.730 ± 10.388

26.159 ± 9.075

0.450 (0.021)

Vit B5 (mg/d)

6.453 ± 2.386

6.522 ± 2.034

6.520 ± 3.035

6.290 ± 2.051

6.479 ± 2.312

0.891 (0.807)

Vit B6 (mg/d)

2.198 ± 0.757

2.292 ± 0.821

2.161 ± 0.745

2.163 ± 0.772

2.175 ± 0.688

0.568 (0.018)

Folate (μg/d)

620.270 ± 192.938

622.978 ± 204.231

606.161 ± 171.308

598.344 ± 193.747

653.942 ± 199.131

0.190 (0.071)

Biotin (mg/d)

38.259 ± 16.818

39.026 ± 15.287

38.199 ± 21.049

37.398 ± 14.381

38.416 ± 15.968

0.926 (0.856)

Vit B12 (mg/d)

4.344 ± 2.482

4.471 ± 2.898

4.451 ± 2.724

4.088 ± 1.959

4.367 ± 2.251

0.687 (0.922)

Magnesium (mg/d)

475.679 ± 171.578

474.526 ± 171.570

461.810 ± 166.283

463.847 ± 177.916

502.810 ± 169.843

0.317 (0.063)

Zinc (mg/d)

13.412 ± 4.876

13.673 ± 4.866

13.583 ± 5.219

12.871 ± 4.622

13.522 ± 4.810

0.648 (0.739)

Copper (mg/d)

2.021 ± 0.751

2.122 ± 0.716

2.012 ± 0.821

1.931 ± 0.748

2.019 ± 0.710

0.367 (0.106)

Mn (mg/day)

8.052 ± 4.057

7.493 ± 3.979

7.319 ± 3.165

7.319 ± 3.165

9.387 ± 4.423

0.001 (0.001)a

Selenium (µ/day)

126.476 ± 49.619

131.643 ± 53.099

127.021 ± 43.772

120.933 ± 49.549

126.304 ± 51.745

0.514 (0.374)

Ca (mg/day)

1268.618 ± 534.667

1253.488 ± 553.180

1276.675 ± 544.857

1246.224 ± 498.295

1298.387 ± 547.352

0.903 (0.809)

Fe (mg/day)

26.430 ± 20.906

27.739 ± 21.998

25.187 ± 17.959

26.194 ± 21.736

26.604 ± 21.908

0.862 (0.656)

Others

      

Caffeine (g/d)

153.183 ± 148.839

46.860 ± 33.324

100.966 ± 33.544

153.871 ± 35.529

311.566 ± 216.081

0.001 (0.001)ab

  1. Values are represented as means (SD)
  2. ANCOVA (P value*) was performed to adjusted for energy intake
  3. Bold: P-value < 0.05 was considered significant; also 0.05, 0.06, and 0.07 were considered marginally significant. P value* < 0.05 was considered significant; also 0.05, 0.06, and 0.07 were considered marginally significant
  4. Ca Calcium; Cho Carbohydrate; Chol Cholesterol; Fe Ferrite; MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acid; Mn Manganese; Pro protein; Q quartile; SAFA Saturated Fatty Acid; SSB Sugar and sweetened beverages
  5. aSignificant mean difference according to Bonferroni POSTHOC was between Q1 and Q2
  6. bSignificant mean difference according to Bonferroni POSTHOC was between Q1 and Q4
  7. cSignificant mean difference according to Bonferroni POSTHOC was between Q2 and Q4
Back to article page

Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

ISSN: 2072-1315

Contact us