Variables | Urban | Rural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 mean ± SD | 2020 mean ± SD | Difference (%) | P-value | 2019 mean ± SD | 2020 mean ± SD | Difference (%) | P-value | |
1. Grain Group | 54.16 ± 13.67 | 55.29 ± 13.51 | 2.09 |  < 0.001 | 53.16 ± 13.48 | 52.68 ± 13.23 | − 0.90 | 0.001 |
Bread | 33.41 ± 19.12 | 34.08 ± 19.66 | 2.01 | 0.001 | 38.29 ± 15.60 | 38.04 ± 15.68 | − 0.65 | 0.122 |
Cereal | 8.10 ± 18.02 | 8.56 ± 18.33 | 5.68 | 0.021 | 1.31 ± 6.80 | 1.60 ± 7.13 | 22.14 |  < 0.001 |
Rice and pasta | 12.64 ± 10.20 | 12.64 ± 10.47 | 0.00 | 0.999 | 13.54 ± 11.07 | 13.03 ± 10.80 | − 3.77 |  < 0.001 |
2. Vegetables Group | 4.57 ± 2.71 | 4.77 ± 2.66 | 4.38 |  < 0.001 | 4.99 ± 2.93 | 5.35 ± 2.71 | 7.21 |  < 0.001 |
Starchy roots | 1.53 ± 1.34 | 1.72 ± 1.31 | 12.42 |  < 0.001 | 1.66 ± 1.17 | 1.81 ± 1.22 | 9.04 |  < 0.001 |
Cruciferous vegetables | 0.03 ± 0.12 | 0.03 ± 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.190 | 0.05 ± 0.15 | 0.05 ± 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.836 |
Leafy green vegetables | 0.26 ± 0.31 | 0.25 ± 0.30 | − 3.85 | 0.013 | 0.35 ± 0.35 | 0.32 ± 0.32 | − 8.57 |  < 0.001 |
Other vegetables | 2.77 ± 1.95 | 2.79 ± 1.88 | 0.72 | 0.340 | 2.98 ± 2.26 | 3.21 ± 1.96 | 7.72 |  < 0.001 |
3. Fruits Group | 2.74 ± 2.64 | 2.55 ± 2.59 | − 6.93 |  < 0.001 | 3.53 ± 2.85 | 3.19 ± 2.54 | − 9.63 |  < 0.001 |
Fresh fruits | 2.58 ± 2.55 | 2.36 ± 2.48 | − 8.53 |  < 0.001 | 3.37 ± 2.71 | 2.95 ± 2.39 | − 12.46 |  < 0.001 |
Dried fruits | 0.16 ± 0.57 | 0.18 ± 0.64 | 12.50 | 0.006 | 0.16 ± 0.68 | 0.23 ± 0.68 | 43.75 |  < 0.001 |
4. Dairy | 4.74 ± 3.54 | 4.54 ± 3.35 | − 4.22 |  < 0.001 | 4.99 ± 3.44 | 5.05 ± 3.06 | 1.20 | 0.063 |
5. Meat Group | 11.07 ± 6.07 | 10.92 ± 5.88 | − 1.36 | 0.016 | 11.58 ± 5.96 | 12.30 ± 5.79 | 6.22 |  < 0.001 |
Red meat | 0.81 ± 2.78 | 0.89 ± 2.76 | 9.88 | 0.005 | 0.78 ± 1.82 | 0.90 ± 2.01 | 15.38 |  < 0.001 |
Processed meat | 0.12 ± 0.43 | 0.12 ± 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.192 | 0.10 ± 0.47 | 0.17 ± 0.48 | 70.00 |  < 0.001 |
Poultry | 4.31 ± 2.76 | 4.28 ± 2.70 | − 0.70 | 0.182 | 4.84 ± 3.00 | 4.54 ± 2.70 | − 6.20 |  < 0.001 |
Fish | 0.28 ± 0.86 | 0.27 ± 0.75 | − 3.57 | 0.530 | 0.38 ± 0.89 | 0.37 ± 0.85 | − 2.63 | 0.448 |
Eggs | 1.88 ± 1.59 | 1.95 ± 1.55 | 3.72 |  < 0.001 | 2.47 ± 1.73 | 2.55 ± 1.55 | 3.24 |  < 0.001 |
Legumes | 3.21 ± 3.87 | 2.85 ± 3.49 | − 11.21 |  < 0.001 | 2.41 ± 3.62 | 2.92 ± 3.45 | 21.16 |  < 0.001 |
Nuts | 0.43 ± 1.42 | 0.53 ± 1.56 | 23.26 |  < 0.001 | 0.57 ± 1.87 | 0.89 ± 1.97 | 56.14 |  < 0.001 |
6. Fats, oils, sugars, and sweets | 23.01 ± 10.12 | 22.31 ± 9.92 | − 3.04 |  < 0.001 | 22.54 ± 10.27 | 22.21 ± 9.51 | − 1.46 | 0.001 |
Hydrogenated fats* | 6.86 ± 9.56 | 5.34 ± 8.83 | − 22.16 |  < 0.001 | 4.94 ± 8.79 | 3.92 ± 7.61 | − 20.65 |  < 0.001 |
Vegetable oils | 7.66 ± 7.63 | 8.86 ± 7.90 | 15.67 |  < 0.001 | 9.37 ± 8.19 | 10.18 ± 7.81 | 8.64 |  < 0.001 |
Sugar | 7.60 ± 5.39 | 7.31 ± 4.97 | − 3.82 |  < 0.001 | 7.03 ± 5.68 | 6.99 ± 4.92 | − 0.57 | 0.446 |
Sweets desserts | 0.87 ± 1.66 | 0.79 ± 1.66 | − 9.20 |  < 0.001 | 1.18 ± 2.24 | 1.10 ± 1.99 | − 6.78 |  < 0.001 |