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Table 4 The comparison of energy and macronutrients consumption between urban and rural at two time points (2019 and 2020)

From: Comparing food consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of household income and expenditure survey data in Iran

Variables

Urban

Rural

2019 mean ± SD

2020 mean ± SD

Difference (%)

P-value

2019 mean ± SD

2020 mean ± SD

Differences(%)

P-value

Total energy (kcl)

2956.95 ± 1143.68

2848.51 ± 1088

− 3.67

 < 0.001

2664.16 ± 1033.56

2683.69 ± 1008.58

0.73

0.068

Protein*

13.16 ± 2.29

13.21 ± 2.21

0.38

0.036

13.34 ± 2.33

13.41 ± 2.15

0.52

0.007

Carbohydrate*

60.87 ± 7.83

61.21 ± 7.72

0.56

 < 0.001

60.67 ± 7.69

60.24 ± 7.34

− 0.71

 < 0.001

Fat*

27.90 ± 8.45

27.51 ± 8.35

− 1.40

 < 0.001

28.27 ± 8.19

28.62 ± 7.77

1.24

 < 0.001

  1. *Presented as % of total energy
  2. Statistics are expressed as mean ± SD
  3. P-value was reported by t-test for a comparison of energy and macronutrients consumption between urban and rural at two time points (2019 and 2020)
  4. The significant level is considered as P-value < 0.05