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Table 4 ANOVA for total coliform count (TCC log10 CFU/mL) in bottle foods among bottle-fed babies attending health institutions in Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia, 2022 (n = 220)

From: Bacteriological quality and safety of bottle food and associated factors among bottle-fed babies attending pediatric outpatient clinics of Government Health Institutions in Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia

Variable

Total (n)

TCC log10 (CFU/mL)

Mean TCC

SD

DF

F statistic

Sig

Age of caregivers/mothers

 < 20

8

3.6046

2.80365

(3, 216)

11.507

0.069

 20–30

130

4.8977

2.35425

 31–40

70

2.8611

2.50385

 > 40

12

3.0620

2.70357

Educational status

 Illiterate

56

5.8642c

1.68984

(4, 96.9)

51.364

0.001

 Reading and writing only

28

5.6636c

1.73488

 Primary school

52

4.5231c

2.49690

 Secondary school

38

2.8765b

2.34846

 College/university

46

1.5449a

1.62228

Relation to the babies

 Mother

168

4.1695

2.60058

(4, 215)

0.593

0.733

 Father

30

3.8773

2.55653

 Sibling

11

4.0646

2.96320

 Housemaid

4

2.3253

2.65051

 Grandparents

7

4.5349

2.70671

Type of bottle food

 Powdered formula milk

101

3.1091a

2.58361

(3, 87.05)

21.447

0.001

 Cow milk

48

3.7770a

2.49231

 Cereal blends

45

5.7405b

1.80137

 Juice

26

5.7277b

1.91476

Source of information on the preparation of bottle food

 Family or friends

161

4.9002a

2.37182

(2, 45.87)

54.150

0.001

 Healthcare provider

34

2.0014b

1.95183

 PIF tin label

25

1.8234b

1.82384

Hand washing practice before baby bottle food preparation

 No, I don’t wash

103

6.1968a

0.95563

(2, 64.68)

270.68

0.001

 Yes, with water only

29

4.1213b

2.58610

 With water and soap

88

1.6451c

1.60622

The main way of dealing with already prepared leftovers

 Reuse it for the next day

120

5.6905

1.78189

(2, 13.35)

89.263

0.001

 Discard

94

2.0624

2.02831

 Consume by other children

6

4.3060

2.58853

Storage temperature

 Ambient temperature

137

5.5969

1.83452

(1, 188.5)

276.245

0.001

 Store in refrigerator

83

1.6359

1.63563

Storage duration

 0–2 h

68

1.8664a

1.88065

(3, 105.3)

119.10

0.001

 3–5 h

41

2.9183b

2.52523

 6–12 h

86

5.8083c

1.63205

 24 h and above

25

6.2593c

0.48123

Number of exchanging bottle

 No extra bottle

96

6.0921a

1.23947

(2, 112.1)

179.539

0.001

 Two bottles

63

3.4962b

2.54108

 Three bottles

61

1.5976c

1.61165

Bottle cleansing and washing

 Rinsing with plain water only

102

5.4876a

1.93197

(2, 127.40)

115.03

0.001

 Washing using water and soap

74

3.8351b

2.62358

 Washing using water, soap, and brush

44

1.3415c

1.29559

Frequency of washing the feeding bottle

 Once a day

94

6.0433a

1.32023

(3. 86.58)

102.79

0.001

 Twice a day

46

4.1818b

2.43821

 Three times a day

41

2.0109c

2.00055

 Before/after each feed

39

1.5301c

1.67441

Method of bottle and nipple sterilization

 Boiling for ten minutes

98

1.6266a

1.57668

(2, 133.08)

303.17

0.001

 Rinsing or soaking with/in boiled water

88

6.0901b

1.31440

 Never disinfect/sterilize

34

6.0947b

0.63332

  1. a,b,cStatistically significant difference down a group but no statistical significance difference in letters. NA not applicable because assumptions are not fulfilled