Table 1 Baseline comparison of demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus enrolled either to receive probiotic or placebo
Baseline measures | Intervention | Placebo | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
(N = 29) | (N = 27) | ||
Maternal age | 28.14 ± 6.24 | 26.48 ± 5.23 | 0.36 |
Family history of DM | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 16 (55.2 %) | 12 (44.4 %) | 0.59 |
 No | 13 (44.8 %) | 15 (55.6 %) | |
Educational level | Â | Â | Â |
 Under graduate diploma | 4 (13.8 %) | 5 (18.5 %) | 0.91 |
 High school diploma | 17 (58.6 %) | 15 (55.6 %) | |
 Academic education | 8 (27.8 %) | 7 (25.9 %) | |
Employment | Â | Â | Â |
 Employed | 10 (34.5 %) | 9 (33.3 %) | 1.00 |
 Unemployed or housewife | 19 (65.5 %) | 18 (66.7 %) | |
Residence | Â | Â | Â |
 Urban |  |  |  |
 Rural | 17 (58.6 %) | 15 (55.6 %) | 1.00 |
12 (41.4Â %) | 12 (44.4Â %) | ||
Physical activity | Â | Â | Â |
 Low | 22 (75.9 %) | 17 (63.0 %) |  |
 Moderate | 7 (24.1 %) | 10 (37.0 %) | 0.38 |
 High | 0 | 0 |  |
Weight (kg) | 83.27 ± 12.06 | 78.67 ± 11.09 | 0.14 |
Height (cm) | 162.68 ± 5.65 | 162.14 ± 5.93 | 0.72 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.41 ± 3.92 | 29.86 ± 3.39 | 0.12 |