From: The impact of household wealth on child survival in Ghana
Variables | All under-fives | Infants | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
 | Coefficient (s. e.) |  | ||
Household level | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Wealth status | −0.120 a |  | −0.257a | −0.096 |
(0.050) | Â | (0.105) | (0.067) | |
 Poorest |  | 0.523 a |  |  |
 | (0.234) |  |  | |
 Poor |  | 0.405 a |  |  |
 | (0.212) |  |  | |
 Middle |  | 0.298 |  |  |
 | (0.195) |  |  | |
 Richer |  | 0.245 |  |  |
 | (0.189) |  |  | |
Mothers’ age (years) | ||||
 20–29 | 0.225 | 0.232 | 0.217 | 0.226 |
(0.272) | (0.273) | (0.272) | (0.336) | |
 30–39 | 0.136 | 0.147 | 0.119 | 0.197 |
(0.295) | (0.296) | (0.295) | (0.369) | |
 Over 40 | −0.178 | −0.164 | −0.201 | −0.183 |
(0.344) | (0.345) | (0.345) | (0.446) | |
Mothers’ education | ||||
 Primary | (0.0030) | −0.002 | 0.004 | 0.155 |
(0.127) | (0.127) | (0.127) | (0.173) | |
 Secondary or higher | −0.384a | −0.377a | −0.399b | −0.094 |
(0.152) | (0.152) | (0.152) | (0.201) | |
Fathers’ education | ||||
 Primary | −0.148 | −0.149 | −0.134 | −0.453c |
(0.160) | (0.160) | (0.160) | (0.229) | |
 Secondary or higher | −0.407b | −0.407b | −0.0409b | −0.374a |
(0.127) | (0.127) | (0.127) | (0.169) | |
 Safe water | −0.004 | −0.009 | 0.028 | 0.007 |
(0.107) | (0.110) | (0.110) | (0.144) | |
 Improved sanitation | 0.256c | 0.254c | 0.128 | 0.128 |
(0.133) | (0.135) | (0.134) | (0.177) | |
Individual level | ||||
 Male | −0.039 | −0.039 | −0.042 | 0.023 |
(0.091) | (0.091) | (0.091) | (0.123) | |
 Birth order | 0.059c | 0.058c | 0.061a | 0.049 |
(0.030) | (0.030) | 0.030 | (0.041) | |
Preceding birth interval (months) | ||||
 Below 24 | 0.361a | 0.357a | 0.362a | 0.607b |
(0.141) | (0.141) | (0.141) | (0.180) | |
 Above 36 | −0.448b | −0.451b | −0.449b | −0.429b |
(0.110) | (0.110) | (0.111) | (0.150) | |
 No. of children aged ≤5 | −1.185b | −1.183b | −1.185b | −0.973b |
(0.064) | (0.064) | (0.064) | (0.082) | |
 Twin | 1.571b | 1.571b | 1.566b | 1.300b |
(0.175) | (0.175) | (0.175) | (0.211) | |
Community level | ||||
 Urban | −0.074 | −0.060 | −0.083 | −0.153 |
(0.134) | (0.138) | (0.134) | (0.180) | |
Regional distribution | ||||
 Southern Belt | −0.391a | −0.398a | −0.382a | −0.426a |
(0.155) | (0.156) | (0.155) | (0.209) | |
 Ashanti-Brong | −0.514b | −0.516b | −0.497b | −0.595b |
(0.166) | (0.166) | (0.166) | (0.228) | |
 Eastern-Volta | −0.632b | −0.641b | −0.618b | −0.59a |
(0.183) | (0.185) | (0.183) | (0.241) | |
Religion | ||||
 Christianity | −0.203 | −0.205 | –0.176 | –0.123 |
(0.173) | (0.173) | (0.174) | (0.244) | |
 Muslim | –0.567a | –0.569a | –0.557c | –0.325 |
(0.280) | (0.280) | (0.281) | (0.358) | |
 Traditional | –0.208 | –.0208 | –0.207 | 0.057 |
(0.203) | (0.203) | (0.204) | (0.278) | |
 Others | –0.068 | –0.069 | –0.041 | 0.001 |
(0.177) | (0.177) | (0.177) | (0.270) | |
Community level | ||||
 Period | ||||
  Year 1998 | 0.254 | 0.249 | –0.039 | 0.195 |
(0.181) | (0.181) | (0.337) | (0.228) | |
  Year 2003 | 0.093 | 0.087 | –0.309 | –0.142 |
(0.183) | (0183) | (0.348) | (0.233) | |
  Year 2008 | 0.021 | –0.027 | –0.682 | –0.066 |
(0.194) | (0.194) | (0.382) | (0.242) | |
  (Wealth) × (year 1993) |  |  | –0.257 a |  |
 |  | (0.105) |  | |
  (Wealth) × (year 1998) |  |  | 0.111 |  |
 |  | (0.114) |  | |
  (Wealth) × (year 2003) |  |  | 0.155 |  |
 |  | (0.118) |  | |
  (Wealth) × (year 2008) |  |  | 0.247 a |  |
 |  | (0.126) |  | |
  Log α (shape parameter) | –0.292b | –0.292b | –0.292b | 0.039 |
(0.042) | (0.042) | (0.042) | (0.059) | |
  Log likelihood | –2293 | –2293 | –2291 | –1389 |
  Prob > chi-square | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |