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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

From: Analysis of the association between osteoporosis and muscle strength in Korean adults: a national cross-sectional study

Characteristic

LMS (N = 4,135)

 

NMS (N = 22,720)

 

p value

 

% (SE)

Unweighted N

% (SE)

Unweighted N

 

Age (years), mean (SE)

58.8 (0.5)

–

45.0 (0.2)

–

 < 0.001

 < 65

51.3 (1.1)

1,603

88.6 (0.3)

18,535

 < 0.001

 ≥ 65

48.7 (1.1)

2,532

11.4 (0.3)

4,185

 

Gender

     

 Men

42.8 (0.9)

1,724

51.1 (0.3)

10,181

 < 0.001

 Women

57.2 (0.9)

2,411

48.9 (0.3)

12,539

 

Household income

     

 Low

30.8 (1.0)

1,249

23.6 (0.5)

5,218

 < 0.001

 Lower middle

25.0 (0.9)

1,043

25.1 (0.5)

5,676

 

 Higher middle

22.1 (0.8)

901

25.7 (0.4)

5,851

 

 High

22.2 (0.9)

924

25.5 (0.6)

5,904

 

Educational level

     

  ≤ Elementary school

39.1 (1.2)

1,947

10.3 (0.3)

3,328

 < 0.00

 Middle school

11.2 (0.6)

477

7.9 (0.2)

2,177

 

 High school

26.8 (0.9)

896

37.1 (0.5)

7,901

 

 ≥ College

22.9 (1.0)

764

44.6 (0.6)

9,247

 

Weight (kg), mean (SE)

59.7 (0.2)

–

66.2 (0.1)

–

 < 0.001

Height (cm), mean (SE)

159.1 (0.2)

–

165.7 (0.1)

–

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2), mean (SE)

23.5 (0.1)

–

24.0 (0.0)

–

 < 0.001

 < 18.5

6.7 (0.5)

237

3.8 (0.2)

780

 < 0.001

 ≥ 18.5 and < 25.0

62.8 (0.9)

2,599

61.1 (0.4)

13,915

 

 ≥ 25.0

30.5 (0.9)

1,265

35.1 (0.4)

7,998

 

Smoking

     

 Never

64.3 (1.0)

2,643

55.8 (0.4)

13,436

 < 0.001

 Past

21.4 (0.7)

952

22.1 (0.3)

4,958

 

 Current

14.3 (0.7)

502

22.1 (0.4)

4,248

 

Heavy alcohol drinking

6.4 (0.5)

229

13.8 (0.3)

2,788

 < 0.001

Hypertension

42.7 (1.0)

2,026

24.6 (0.4)

6,557

 < 0.001

Diabetes

13.3 (0.6)

578

6.8 (0.2)

1,760

 < 0.001

Osteoporosis

15.6 (0.7)

766

4.2 (0.1)

1,420

 < 0.001

Physical activity

     

 < 600 MET-minutes/wk

65.8 (1.0)

2,803

50.8 (0.5)

12,121

 < 0.001

 ≥ 600 MET-minutes/wk

34.2 (1.0)

1,257

49.2 (0.5)

10,526

 

Right HGS (kg), mean (SE)

18.3 (0.1)

–

31.9 (0.1)

–

 < 0.001

Left HGS (kg), mean (SE)

18.7 (0.1)

–

30.4 (0.1)

–

 < 0.001

Dominant HGS (kg), mean (SE)

18.3 (0.1)

–

32.0 (0.1)

–

 < 0.001

Creatinine (mg/dL), mean (SE)

0.8 (0.0)

–

0.8 (0.0)

–

0.738

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean (SE)

90.4 (0.5)

–

99.1 (0.2)

–

 < 0.001

 CKD Stages 1–2

91.7 (0.5)

3,489

98.3 (0.1)

21,631

 < 0.001

 CKD Stages 3a–5

8.3 (0.5)

401

1.7 (0.1)

550

 
  1. LMS, low muscle strength; NMS, normal muscle strength; SE, standard error; BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalents; HGS, hand grip strength; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease
  2. In men, LMS defined as HGS < 28.9 kg, and NMS as HGS ≥ 28.9 kg; in women, LMS defined as HGS < 16.8 kg, and NMS as HGS ≥ 16.8 kg
  3. CKD Stages 1–2 defined as eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and CKD Stages 3a-5 as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
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Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

ISSN: 2072-1315

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