A global systematic overview of socioeconomic factors associated with antidiabetic medication adherence in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Table 2 Ethnical and geographical factors investigated in the systematic review

Ethnical and geographical factors	Subgroups	Direction of the association with antidiabetic medication adherence
Ethnical and geographical factors	Subgroups	Increase	Equal	Decrease
Ethnicity/race	Ethnicity	CS: 1 [121]	CS: 5 [39, 43, 72, 107, 122] RCT: 2 [123, 124]
	Non-white			CS: 1 [60] C: 2 [104, 125]
	Non-European			C: 1 [126]
	African-American			C: 1 [127]
	Black			C: 4 [83, 86, 88, 128] CC:1 [90] I: 2 [51, 89]
	Asian	CS: 1 [36]
	Malay			CS: 1 [111]
	Indian	CS: 1 [111]
	Chinese		C: 1 [124]	CS: 1 [99]
	Japanese		C: 1 [124]
	Filipino			C: 1 [124]
	Saudi Arabian	CS: 1 [101]
	Arab non-Emirati	CS: 1 [36]
	Pacific Islander			C: 3 [35, 122, 124]
	Maori			C: 3 [35, 37, 122]
	Latin-American/Hispanic			CS: 1 [121] C: 2 [88, 129]
	Native Hawaiian			CS: 1 [124]
Country of birth	Foreign-born		CS: 1 [85]
	US-born			CS: 1 [71]
Acculturation	Acculturation	CS: 1 [39]
	Believe in traditional Chinese medicine			CS: 1 [39]
Accessibility to health care	Accessibility to health care*
	Distance to healthcare provider			CS: 3 [31, 61, 101]
Area of residence	Area of residence		CS: 5 [31, 80, 98, 100, 130] C: 1 [122]
	Rural	C: 1 [104]
	Urban			CS: 2 [45, 58]
	IMD quintile	C: 1 [125]
	Neighbourhood deprivation			CS: 2 [37, 77]
	Socioeconomic living area		C: 1 [126]
Regional differences	Geographical area	C: 1 [104]	CS: 2 [41, 110]
	Southern United States			C: 1 [95]

Factors marked with *—a study has found an association, but did not state in which direction [105]
Type of study—CS cross-sectional, C Cohort, I interventional, RCT randomized controlled trial
Bolded numbers—Number of articles
Number in brackets—References to the articles
IMD indices of multiple deprivation

ISSN: 2072-1315