Table 3 Demographic characteristics of households surveyed for Zambia between 1996 and 2014
From: Temporal changes and determinants of childhood nutritional status in Kenya and Zambia
|  | 1996 | 2001–02 | 2007 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | N | % of total | % Stunted | % Wasted | % OW | N | % of total | % Stunted | % Wasted | % OW | N | % of total | % Stunted | % Wasted | % OW | N | % of total | % Stunted | % Wasted | % OW |
Type of place of residence | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Urban | 1820 | 33.0 | 41.1 | 3.7 | 5.6 | 1295 | 15.1 | 42.7 | 6.3 | 5.6 | 1602 | 31.3 | 38.3 | 5.7 | 7.7 | 4129 | 36.2 | 35.9 | 6.4 | 6.2 |
 Rural | 3697 | 67.0 | 54.8 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 3870 | 74.9 | 57.4 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 3519 | 68.7 | 47.0 | 6.0 | 8.5 | 7278 | 63.8 | 42.1 | 6.3 | 5.6 |
Source of drinking water | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Piped | 1640 | 29.7 | 40.4 | 3.9 | 5.5 | 1241 | 24.0 | 42.5 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 1235 | 24.1 | 36.5 | 5.7 | 7.5 | 2646 | 23.2 | 32.2 | 6.7 | 6.7 |
 Well | 2910 | 52.7 | 54.1 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 2816 | 54.5 | 55.9 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 2649 | 51.7 | 45.4 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 6609 | 57.9 | 40.9 | 6.4 | 5.4 |
 Surface water | 925 | 16.8 | 55.8 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 1095 | 21.2 | 60.6 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 1079 | 21.1 | 50.4 | 4.6 | 11.7 | 2032 | 17.8 | 46.3 | 5.7 | 6.0 |
 Rainwater |  |  |  |  |  | 13 | 0.3 | 53.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 158 | 3.1 | 43.7 | 5.7 | 3.2 | 120 | 1.1 | 46.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 |
Has electricity | ||||||||||||||||||||
 No | 4636 | 84.0 | 53.6 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 4529 | 87.7 | 56.3 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 4418 | 86.3 | 46.3 | 6.0 | 8.4 | 9338 | 81.9 | 42.0 | 6.4 | 5.6 |
 Yes | 871 | 15.8 | 33.1 | 3.0 | 5.9 | 633 | 12.3 | 34.6 | 6.3 | 5.8 | 703 | 13.7 | 31.6 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 2044 | 17.9 | 30.0 | 6.0 | 6.7 |
Toilet type | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Flush toilet | 841 | 15.2 | 34.2 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 506 | 9.8 | 37.5 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 439 | 8.6 | 31.7 | 4.6 | 6.4 | 964 | 8.5 | 26.1 | 6.7 | 6.8 |
 Pit toilet | 2958 | 53.6 | 52.9 | 5.3 | 6.3 | 3071 | 59.5 | 53.7 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 3293 | 64.3 | 45.3 | 5.4 | 8.4 | 8454 | 74.1 | 40.8 | 6.5 | 5.7 |
 None | 1689 | 30.6 | 53.4 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 1578 | 30.6 | 58.9 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 1361 | 26.6 | 45.3 | 7.3 | 8.2 | 1949 | 17.1 | 42.6 | 5.4 | 5.8 |
Has car | ||||||||||||||||||||
 No | 5390 | 97.7 | 50.9 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 5062 | 98.0 | 54.2 | 5.9 | 5.3 | 5030 | 98.2 | 44.7 | 5.9 | 8.3 | 10803 | 94.7 | 40.6 | 6.4 | 5.7 |
 Yes | 113 | 2.0 | 21.2 | 6.2 | 8.0 | 89 | 1.7 | 28.1 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 91 | 1.8 | 23.1 | 7.7 | 6.6 | 591 | 5.2 | 25.7 | 5.8 | 6.8 |
Has television | ||||||||||||||||||||
 No | 4575 | 82.9 | 53.8 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 4412 | 85.4 | 56.3 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 3996 | 78.0 | 47.0 | 6.2 | 8.7 | 7985 | 70.0 | 42.6 | 6.8 | 5.5 |
 Yes | 930 | 16.9 | 33.2 | 3.4 | 5.6 | 751 | 14.5 | 38.1 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 1122 | 21.9 | 34.4 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 3417 | 30.0 | 33.5 | 5.2 | 6.5 |
Literacy | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Reads easily | 2248 | 40.7 | 45.0 | 42.0 | 5.3 | 2215 | 42.9 | 47.6 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 2165 | 42.3 | 41.1 | 5.0 | 8.1 | 5265 | 46.2 | 35.7 | 5.8 | 5.9 |
 Reads with difficulty | 1141 | 20.7 | 50.5 | 5.4 | 7.1 | 482 | 9.3 | 55.4 | 4.6 | 5.8 | 597 | 11.7 | 50.3 | 7.2 | 9.7 | 1078 | 9.5 | 42.2 | 7.9 | 5.7 |
 Cannot read | 2122 | 38.5 | 55.7 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 2416 | 46.8 | 59.0 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 2239 | 43.7 | 45.9 | 6.3 | 8.2 | 4990 | 43.7 | 43.8 | 6.6 | 5.7 |
Highest educational level | ||||||||||||||||||||
 No education | 832 | 15.1 | 57.8 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 775 | 15.0 | 59.0 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 677 | 13.2 | 44.0 | 7.4 | 6.6 | 1289 | 11.3 | 43.8 | 7.3 | 5.7 |
 Primary | 3578 | 64.9 | 52.1 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 3324 | 64.4 | 56.3 | 6.0 | 5.4 | 3214 | 62.8 | 47.1 | 5.7 | 8.9 | 6404 | 56.1 | 42.4 | 6.2 | 5.5 |
 Secondary | 1014 | 18.4 | 41.1 | 3.5 | 6.9 | 988 | 19.1 | 43.3 | 5.8 | 3.9 | 1119 | 21.9 | 38.2 | 5.5 | 7.7 | 3314 | 29.1 | 36.1 | 6.3 | 6.0 |
 Higher | 91 | 1.6 | 12.1 | 4.4 | 6.6 | 78 | 1.5 | 23.1 | 3.8 | 9.0 | 111 | 2.2 | 24.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 393 | 3.4 | 17.0 | 5.9 | 8.9 |
Head of household | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Male | 4646 | 84.2 | 49.5 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 4394 | 85.1 | 53.7 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 4240 | 82.8 | 44.2 | 5.7 | 8.3 | 9306 | 81.6 | 39.7 | 6.1 | 5.7 |
 Female | 871 | 15.8 | 54.3 | 4.4 | 5.9 | 771 | 14.9 | 53.4 | 6.2 | 3.5 | 881 | 17.2 | 44.6 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 2101 | 18.4 | 40.6 | 7.2 | 6.1 |
Child age | ||||||||||||||||||||
 0 | 1376 | 24.9 | 26.7 | 9.9 | 6.9 | 1275 | 24.7 | 50.1 | 5.9 | 7.4 | 1176 | 23.0 | 25.3 | 9.4 | 14.5 | 2423 | 21.2 | 23.7 | 8.9 | 12.4 |
 1 | 1241 | 22.5 | 54.5 | 7.7 | 3.6 | 1179 | 22.8 | 59.1 | 6.7 | 4.2 | 1137 | 22.2 | 51.5 | 6.2 | 6.5 | 2384 | 20.9 | 48.7 | 6.5 | 5.2 |
 2 | 1130 | 20.5 | 65.0 | 2.6 | 6.7 | 1031 | 20.0 | 57.1 | 3.5 | 5.6 | 1015 | 19.8 | 52.7 | 5.4 | 6.4 | 2289 | 20.1 | 50.3 | 5.5 | 3.9 |
 3 | 950 | 17.2 | 60.3 | 2.0 | 7.8 | 896 | 17.3 | 48.5 | 8.7 | 4.9 | 975 | 19.0 | 48.7 | 3.0 | 7.1 | 2192 | 19.2 | 41.7 | 5.2 | 3.9 |
 4 | 820 | 14.9 | 51.7 | 2.0 | 5.7 | 784 | 15.2 | 52.7 | 5.0 | 3.3 | 818 | 16.0 | 45.8 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 2119 | 18.6 | 35.3 | 5.2 | 3.0 |
Age of mother | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Under 20 | 690 | 12.5 | 50.1 | 7.0 | 5.2 | 692 | 13.4 | 54.3 | 8.7 | 6.1 | 491 | 9.6 | 43.4 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 1257 | 11.0 | 43.0 | 6.0 | 7.8 |
 20-29 | 2725 | 49.4 | 50.3 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 2544 | 49.3 | 53.5 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 2562 | 50.0 | 45.7 | 5.8 | 8.4 | 5178 | 45.4 | 40.0 | 6.3 | 5.7 |
 30+ | 2102 | 38.1 | 50.2 | 4.9 | 6.6 | 1929 | 37.3 | 53.7 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 2068 | 40.4 | 42.7 | 5.9 | 8.4 | 4972 | 43.6 | 39.0 | 6.4 | 5.4 |
Employmenta | Â | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Not currently employed | 2665 | 48.3 | 48.6 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 2059 | 39.9 | 51.4 | 6.5 | 5.7 | 2440 | 47.6 | 44.6 | 5.7 | 9.3 | 4808 | 42.1 | 38.6 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
 Currently employed | 2851 | 51.7 | 51.9 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 3104 | 60.1 | 55.2 | 5.6 | 5.0 | 2676 | 52.3 | 43.9 | 6.1 | 7.3 | 6599 | 57.9 | 40.8 | 6.6 | 5.7 |
Household members | ||||||||||||||||||||
 2–6 members | 2587 | 46.9 | 53.7 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 2827 | 54.7 | 54.4 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 3054 | 59.6 | 46.2 | 5.8 | 8.6 | 6130 | 53.7 | 41.1 | 6.2 | 6.1 |
 7+ members | 2930 | 53.1 | 47.3 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 2338 | 45.3 | 52.8 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 2067 | 40.4 | 41.5 | 6.0 | 7.7 | 5277 | 46.3 | 38.5 | 6.5 | 5.5 |
Wealth Index | Â | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Poorest (1) | 1643 | 29.8 | 58.1 | 7.2 | 5.9 | 1277 | 24.7 | 60.5 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 1140 | 22.3 | 47.4 | 7.1 | 9.1 | 2757 | 24.2 | 47.2 | 7.1 | 5.3 |
 Poorer (2) | 993 | 18.0 | 55.1 | 5.8 | 6.4 | 1181 | 22.9 | 59.1 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 1131 | 22.1 | 49.6 | 5.7 | 7.9 | 2755 | 24.2 | 42.4 | 6.5 | 4.8 |
 Middle (3) | 1112 | 20.2 | 52.0 | 4.7 | 7.0 | 1227 | 23.8 | 54.1 | 6.4 | 5.6 | 1188 | 23.2 | 46.9 | 5.3 | 9.8 | 2605 | 22.8 | 38.9 | 5.6 | 6.8 |
 Richer (4) | 954 | 17.3 | 44.8 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 870 | 16.8 | 48.6 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 1030 | 20.1 | 39.2 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 1905 | 16.7 | 36.6 | 6.2 | 5.9 |
 Richest (5) | 815 | 14.8 | 32.8 | 3.4 | 6.0 | 610 | 11.8 | 35.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 632 | 12.3 | 32.4 | 4.9 | 6.8 | 1385 | 12.1 | 26.6 | 5.9 | 6.7 |
Sex of child | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Male | 2688 | 48.7 | 51.6 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 2585 | 50.0 | 54.6 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 2512 | 49.1 | 47.4 | 6.7 | 8.6 | 5721 | 50.2 | 42.2 | 6.6 | 6.3 |
 Female | 2829 | 51.3 | 49.1 | 4.6 | 6.0 | 2580 | 50.0 | 47.2 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 2609 | 50.9 | 41.3 | 5.1 | 8.0 | 5686 | 49.8 | 37.5 | 6.0 | 5.3 |