Association of antenatal care and place of delivery with newborn care practices: evidence from a cross-sectional survey in rural Uttar Pradesh, India

Table 4 Newborn care practices followed during last childbirth and their clustering at the block and gram panchayat levels

Newborn care practices	Home deliveries	Delivery at a health care facility	Overall	ICC (95% CI)^a	ICC (95% CI)^a gram panchayat
Newborn care practices	(n = 701)	(n = 1507)	(n = 2208)	Block (n = 15)	(n = 129)
Cord care, n (%)
Sterile thread used for tying cord	582 (83.0)	–	–	0.138 (0.047, 0.339)	0.237 (0.116, 0.423)
No application of foreign material on cord	119 (17.0)	463 (30.7)	582 (26.46)	0.04 (0.013, 0.115)	0.11 (0.066, 0.18)
Breast feeding, n (%)
Initiated breast feeding within 1 h of birth	241 (34.4)	831 (55.1)	1072 (48.6)	0.04 (0.016, 0.092)	0.05 (0.023, 0.11)
Time in hours to initiate breast feeding median (IQR)	2 (1, 24.3)	1 (0.5, 3)	1.08 (0.67, 5)
Did not discard colostrum	506 (72.2)	1330 (88.3)	1836 (83.15)	0.025 (0.007, 0.082)	0.058 (0.026, 0.124)
Did not give pre-lacteal feeds	228 (32.5)	984 (65.3)	1212 (54.9)	0.042 (0.016, 0.11)	0.115 (0.073, 0.175)
Did all three	126 (18.0)	634 (42.1)	760 (34.4)	0.05 (0.019, 0.112)	0.076 (0.04, 0.139)
Thermal care, n (%)
Kept baby warm	485 (69.2)	1008 (66.9)	1493 (67.6)	0.027 (0.006, 0.098)	0.102 (0.063, 0.161)
Delayed first bath of baby by 48 h	140 (20.0)	933 (62.0)	1073 (48.6)	0.067 (0.03, 0.144)	0.074 (0.034, 0.154)
Did both	105 (15.0)	654 (43.4)	759 (34.4)	0.045 (0.016, 0.116)	0.099 (0.057, 0.165)
All 6 good newborn care practices^b n (%)	7 (1.0)	109 (6.8)	109 (4.9)	–

^aIntracluster correlation coefficient (ICC) from random intercept logistic regression (null/empty model)
^bNo application of foreign material, initiation of breast feeding within 1 h of birth, feeding colostrum, no pre-lacteal feed, kept baby warm and delayed bath

ISSN: 2072-1315