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Table 1 Preschool developmental assessment methods in Ghana
| Preschool score | Method |
|---|---|
| Cognitive | |
| Pre-academic skills | Parents’ evaluation of developmental status: developmental milestones pre-academic subscale. |
| Paired-associate memory | The child was taught novel names for eight objects and tested for recall and recognition. |
| Language | Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY-II) body part naming and identification and comprehension of instruction sub-tests. |
| Block design | Adapted British Abilities Scales pattern construction sub-test. |
| Visual search | Adapted NEPSY visual search sub-test. |
| Inhibitory control: head/toe task | Head/toe sub-test of the International Development and Early Learning Assessment (IDELA). |
| Inhibitory control: delay of gratification | Whether the child chose to receive one treat immediately or to wait for two, three, or four treats at the end of the second, third, and fourth tasks, respectively. |
| Cognitive factor score | Factor score calculated as the first component of a factor analysis using principal-axis factoring method including all cognitive z-scores except delay of gratification, which was the only score that was not strongly associated with the others. This component accounted for 79% of the variance in these scores. |
| Motor | |
| Fine motor | National Institute of Health (NIH) Toolbox 9-Hole Pegboard test. |
| Socioemotional | |
| Socioemotional Competence and Difficulties | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) |
| Behavior rating scale | Adapted from the Preschool Self-Regulation Assessment (PSRA) Assessor Report. |
