Table 1 Results of bivariate relationship between the key child health service utilization and socioeconomic variables, EDHS 2016. Ethiopia
| Variables* |
At least 4 ANC visits Number (%) | χ2 (p value) | Institutional delivery | χ2 (p value) | Postnatal care service | χ2 (p value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex of the child | ||||||
| Male | 1005 (31.9) | 0.276 | 1237 (26.0) | 0.232 | 566 (11.9) | 0.249 |
| Female | 992 (33.7) | 1190 (26.7) | 509 (11.4) | |||
| Child’s birth order | ||||||
| First | 480 (43.0) | 0.000 | 841 (50.2) | 0.000 | 284 (17.0) | 0.010 |
| Second and above | 1517 (30.5) | 1586 (21.0) | 791 (10.5) | |||
| Age of the mother | ||||||
| 15–24 y | 425 (31.8) | 0.000 | 679 (35.4) | 0.000 | 251 (13.1) | 0.000 |
| 25–34 y | 1132 (36.3) | 1273 (25.7) | 588 (11.9) | |||
| 34+ y | 440 (26.8) | 475 (20.3) | 237 (10.1) | |||
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 512 (63.4) | 0.000 | 803 (78.6) | 0.000 | 380 (37.2) | 0.000 |
| Rural | 1485 (28.1) | 1623 (19.8) | 695 (8.5) | |||
| Household size | ||||||
| 0–3 member | 330 (39.8) | 0.000 | 439 (48.4) | 0.000 | 202 (22.3) | 0.000 |
| 4–6 members | 1114 (35.2) | 1324 (28.2) | 571 (12.2) | |||
| 7 and above members | 553 (26.3) | 663 (18.4) | 302 (8.4) | |||
| Education of mother | ||||||
| No education | 975 (25.1) | 0.000 | 990 (16.1) | 0.000 | 487 (7.9) | 0.000 |
| Primary level | 670 (39.5) | 908 (37.3) | 342 (14.1) | |||
| Secondary & higher level | 351 (68.7) | 528 (83.8) | 246 (39.0) | |||
| Education of father | ||||||
| No education | 805 (25.9) | 0.000 | 879 (18.6) | 0.000 | 425 (9.0) | 0.000 |
| Primary level | 754 (34.3) | 857 (24.8) | 353 (10.2) | |||
| Secondary & higher level | 438 (55.5) | 690 (66.7) | 298 (28.8) | |||
| Parity | ||||||
| 0–3 | 1161 (39.1) | 0.000 | 1589 (40.0) | 0.000 | 664 (16.7) | 0.000 |
| 4–6 | 562 (28.9) | 579 (18.1) | 282 (8.8) | |||
| 7 and above | 274 (23.2) | 259 (12.7) | 129 (6.3) | |||
| Ever terminated pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 1805 (32.5) | 0.147 | 2208 (26.3) | 0.193 | 967 (11.5) | 0.090 |
| Yes | 192 (34.8) | 218 (26.6) | 108 (13.2) | |||
| Maternal autonomy | ||||||
| Yes, some autonomy | 492 (35.8) | 0.004 | 636 (30.8) | 0.000 | 276 (13.4) | 0.004 |
| No autonomy | 1505 (31.9) | 1791 (25.0) | 799 (11.2) | |||
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Poorest/poorer | 606 (23.2) | 0.000 | 648 (15.0) | 0.000 | 241 (5.6) | 0.000 |
| Middle | 373 (28.6) | 438 (22.6) | 194 (10.0) | |||
| Richest/richer | 1018 (46.6) | 1341 (45.2) | 640 (21.6) | |||
| Type of family structure | ||||||
| Monogamous | 1710 (33.5) | 0.000 | 2094 (27.1) | 0.000 | 904 (11.7) | 0.000 |
| Polygamous | 133 (22.9) | 170 (17.0) | 76 (7.6) | |||
| Intimate partners violence/IPV | ||||||
| No or low violence | 410 (27.1) | 0.000 | 436 (18.6) | 0.000 | 166 (7.1) | 0.000 |
| Mild violence | 607 (30.6) | 706 (22.9) | 335 (10.9) | |||
| High violence | 980 (37.7) | 1284 (33.9) | 574 (15.1) | |||
| Religion | ||||||
| Orthodox | 938 (39.1) | 0.000 | 1172 (36.8) | 0.000 | 579 (18.2) | 0.000 |
| Muslim | 585 (27.3) | 734 (19.6) | 276 (7.4) | |||
| Others | 474 (30.4) | 521 (22.8) | 221 (9.7) | |||
| Access to radio | ||||||
| Yes | 777 (46.5) | 0.000 | 946 (39.1) | 0.000 | 483 (19.9) | 0.000 |
| No | 1220 (27.6) | 1481 (21.8) | 593 (8.7) | |||
| ANC visits | ||||||
| < 4 times | – | 840 (20.5) | 0.000 | 447 (10.9) | 0.000 | |
| > 4 times | – | 1158 (58.0) | 628 (31.4) | |||
| Place of delivery | ||||||
| Home | – | – | – | 220 (3.2) | 0.000 | |
| Institution | – | – | – | 855 (35.2) | ||