The trend in mean height of Guatemalan women born between 1945 and 1995: a century behind

Table 3 Variables associated with the mean height of women born in Guatemala between 1945 and 1995

Variable	Categories	Coefficient	SE	p value¹
	Intercept	147.0	0.246	< 0.001
Annual increase	Year birth cohort	0.021	0.003	< 0.001
Ethnicity	Non-indigenous	Reference
Ethnicity	Indigenous	− 0.867	− 0.867	< 0.001
Education level	None	Reference
	Primary	0.995	0.073	< 0.001
	Secondary	2.547	0.098	< 0.001
	Higher	3.762	0.141	< 0.001
Wealth quintile	1st	Reference
	2nd	1.302	0.142	< 0.001
	3rd	2.229	0.143	< 0.001
	4th	3.167	0.149	< 0.001
	5th	4.913	0.163	< 0.001
Location	Urban	Reference
Location	Rural	0.157	0.189
Geo− administrative region	Metropolitan	Reference
	Central	− 0.750	0.204	< 0.001
	North	− 0.349	0.242
	Northeast	− 0.107	0.221
	Southeast	0.772	0.223	< 0.001
	Northwest	− 1.168	0.224	< 0.001
	Southwest	− 1.272	0.184	< 0.001
	Petén	− 0.100	0.317
Elevation	per 1,000 m above sea level	− 0.979	0.073	< 0.001
Ethnicity * Wealth quintile	2th * Indigenous	− 0.759	0.179	< 0.001
	3th *Indigenous	− 1.316	0.188	< 0.001
	4th * indigenous	− 1.428	0.201	< 0.001
	5th *indigenous	− 2.250	0.231	< 0.001
Random effects	Intercept variance	3.092
	Ethnicity variance	5.093
	Residual variance	15.47
	Correlation coefficient	− 0.64

¹Mixed-effects linear regression model
Data source: DHS 1995, DHS 1998–1999, DHS 2002, DHS 2008–2009 and DHS 2014–2015 [27, 35,36,37,38]

ISSN: 2072-1315