Table 3 Social and housing condition, prevalence and crude risk ratio of women characteristics, NDHS 2018 (N = 14,454)

Cooking fuel

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Clean

1927 (13.3%)

46.0 (42.6–49.3)

Reference

Polluted (Mixed/Biomass)

12,527 (87%)

59.7 (58.5–60.9)

1.09 (1.07–1.12)

Source of water

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Unimproved

3637 (25.2%)

61.5 (59.4–63.6)

Reference

Improved

10,817 (74.8%)

56.6 (55.2–58.0)

0.97 (0.95–0.99)***

Type of toilet facilities

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Unimproved

6281 (43.5%)

62.2 (60.5–63.7)

Reference

Improved

8173 (56.5%)

54.5 (52.9–56.1)

0.95 (0.94–0.97)***

Main floor material

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Unimproved

3764 (26.0%)

61.7 (59.5–63.9)

Reference

Improved

10,690 (74.0%)

56.5 (55.1–57.8)

0.97 (0.95–0.98)***

Main wall material

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Unimproved

4333 (30.0%)

63.6 (61.6–65.5)

Reference

Improved

10,121 (70.0%)

55.4 (54.0–56.8)

0.95 (0.94–0.96)***

Main roof material

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Unimproved

1507 (10.4%)

63.8 (60.4–67.1)

Reference

Improved

12,947 (89.6%)

57.1 (55.9–58.4)

0.96 (0.94–0.98)***

Housing material

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Unimproved

1124 (7.8%)

67.0 (63.5–70.2)

Reference

Partially improved

4356 (30.1%)

60.6 (58.5–62.6)

0.96 (0.94–0.98)**

Totally improved

8974 (62.1%)

55.4 (53.8–56.9)

0.93 (0.91–0.95)***