Table 4 Hierarchical Poisson regression model of factors associated with anaemia

Minimum Adequate diet

No

Reference (1.0)

Reference (1.0)

Reference (1.0)

Yes

0.97 (0.96–0.99)***

0.98 (0.97–1.00)**

0.98 (0.97–0.99)**

Woman status

other women

Reference (1.0)

Reference (1.0)

Pregnant

1.03 (1.00–1.05)**

1.03 (1.00–1.05)**

Breastfeeding

1.01 (0.99–1.02)

1.01 (0.99–1.02)

Age

15–19

Reference (1.0)

Reference (1.0)

20–24

0.97 (0.95–0.99)**

0.97 (0.95–0.99)**

25–29

0.98 (0.95–1.00)*

0.98 (0.95–1.01)

30–34

1.00 (0.97–1.02)

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

35–39

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

40–44

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

45–49

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

BMI (kg/m²)

 < 18.5

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

18.5–24.9

Reference (1.0)

Reference (1.0)

25.0–29.9

0.96 (0.95–0.98)***

0.97 (0.95–0.99)***

 ≥ 30.0

0.93 (0.91–0.96)***

0.93 (0.91–0.96)***

Parity

None

Reference (1.0)

Reference (1.0)

1

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

2–3

1.00 (0.98–1.03)

1.00 (0.98–1.03)

4–5

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

 ≥ 6

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

Highest level of education

No education

Reference (1.0)

Reference (1.0)

Primary

0.97 (0.95–0.99)**

0.98 (0.96–0.99)**

Secondary

0.96 (0.94–0.98)**

0.97 (0.94–0.99)**

Tertiary

0.94 (0.91–0 .97)***

0.95 (0.92–0.98)**

Wealth quintiles

Poorest

Reference (1.0)

Reference (1.0)

Poorer

0.99(0.97–1.01)

0.99 (0.97–1.02)

Middle

0.98(0.95–0.99)**

0.98 (0.95–1.01)

Richer

0.96(0.93–0.98)***

0.96 (0.93–0.99)**

Richest

0.95 (0.92–0.97)***

0.96 (0.92–0.99)**

Residence

Urban

Reference (1.0)

Reference (1.0)

Rural

1.02 (1.01–1.04)**

1.02 (1.01–1.04)**

Religion

Catholic

Reference (1.0)

Reference (1.0)

Other Christians

1.03(1.01–1.04)**

1.03 (1.01–1.05)**

Islam

1.07 (1.0–1.08)***

1.07 (1.04–1.10)**

Others

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

0.95 (0.88–1.04)

Ethnicity

Fulani

Reference (1.0)

Reference (1.0)

Hausa

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

Igbo

1.06 (1.00–1.12)**

1.06 (1.01–1.12)**

Yoruba

0.99 (0.95–1.03)

0.99 (0.95–1.04)

Other ethnic minorities

0.97 (0.94–1.00)*

0.97 (0.94–1.00)*

Region

North Central

Reference (1.0)

Reference (1.0)

North-East

0.97 (0.94–0.99)**

0.97 (0.94–0.99)**

North-West

0.94 (0.92–0.97)***

0.95 (0.92–0.97)***

South-East

1.06 (1.02–1.11)**

1.06 (1.02–1.11)**

South–South

1.09 (1.07–1.12)***

1.09 (1.07–1.12)***

South-West

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

1.02 (0.98–1.05)

Cooking fuel

Clean

Reference (1.0)

Polluted (Mixed/Biomass)

1.04 (1.01–1.07)**

Source of water

Unimproved

Reference (1.0)

Improved

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

Type of toilet facilities

Unimproved

Reference (1.0)

Improved

0.99 (0.97–1.00)

Housing material

Unimproved

Reference (1.0)

Partially improved

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

Totally improved

1.00 (0.96–1.03)