Table 2 The characteristics of studies that were included in the two-class meta-analysis of odds of obesity and increased screen time among children
Journal/ Year/ First author | Country | Setting/ num | Age (y)/ gender | Overweight/ obesity status and definition | ST definition | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J Immigrant Minor health/ 2019/ Zulfiqar [66] | Australia | Community/ 2115 + 2000 | 4–11 | Overweight/ obesity + BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | TV, EG | In 4–5 years old immigrant boys and girls, video game playing of more than 1 h per day could reduce the risks of obesity but TV watching more than 3 h per day was associated with increased risk of obesity in girls of 6–7 years of age (OR = 1.5 CI = 1.0, 2.3; P < 0.05) |
BMC Pediatrics/ 2019/ Hu [67] | China | Community/ 933 | 1–5 | Overweight/ obesity + BMI Z score > 2 | TV | Obesity was positively associated with longer TV viewing time only among 4- to 5-year-old children (OR = 1.72, CI = 1.16–2.54; P < 0.001) |
BMC Pediatrics/ 2019/ Armoon [68] | Iran | Community/ 572 | 6–7 | Overweight/ obesity defined as ≤ 95th and ≥ 85th percentile and ≥ 95th percentile of age respectively | TV | Watching TV and PC use of more than 2 h per day was associated with increased risk of obesity among children (for TV: OR = 3.51; CI = 1.20–8.66; P = 0.01 for PC: OR = 3.40 CI = 1.24–7.32; P = 0.01) |
Pediatrics/ 2018/ Tester [69] | USA | Community/ 7028 | 2–5 | Overweight/ obesity defined as ≤ 95th and ≥ 85th percentile and ≥ 95th percentile of age respectively | TV, PC, VG | Odds of overweight, obesity and severe obesity among children with more than 4 h per day of screen time were 1.2, 1.5 and 2.0 time greater compared with normal weight children respectively (OR = 1.2; CI = 0.9 -1.6; OR = 1.5; CI = 1.2 -1.9 and OR = 2.0; CI = 1.2 -3.3; P < 0.05) |
BMC Pediatrics/ 2014/ Hauser [70] | USA | School/ 820 | 6–8 | Overweight defined as ≤ 95th and ≥ 85th percentile | TV | Those with a lot of TV watching at dinner time and those with TV at bedroom has higher odds of overweight (POR = 1.07; CI = 0.81–1.42 and POR = 1.05; CI = 0.79–1.40) |
Int J Obes/ 2013/ De Jong [71] | Netherland | School/ 2429 + 2004 + 2068 | 4–8 | Overweight 25 ≤ BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2 and obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | TV, PC | TV viewing of more than 1.5 h was associated with increased risk of obesity (OR = 1.70; CI = 1.07–2.72; P = 0.03) |
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act/2012/Veldhuis [101] | Netherland | Community/ 7505 | 5 | Overweight/ obesity defined as ≤ 95th and ≥ 85th percentile and ≥ 95th percentile of age respectively | TV | There was an increased odds of obesity with TV watching of more than 2 h per day (OR = 1.20; CI = 0.98–1.46) |
Tunisie Medicale /2012/ Abdelkafi Koubaa [102] | USA | Community/ 329 | 2–5 | Overweight/ obesity defined as ≤ 95th and ≥ 85th percentile and ≥ 95th percentile of age respectively | TV | Increased odds of obesity in high TV watchers of more than 2 h/ day (OR = 1.63; CI = 0.82–3.25) |
Obes Res/ 2004/ Stettler [60] | Switzerland | Community/ 872 | 8 | Overweight/ obesity defined as ≤ 95th and ≥ 85th percentile and ≥ 95th percentile of age respectively | TV, EG | Increased odds of obesity with increased TV watching (OR = 1.92; CI = 1.27–2.90; P = 0.002] and increased electronic games (OR = 2.56; CI = 1.55 to 4.23; P < 0.001) |