Table 6 Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for metabolic syndrome across different frequencies of nutrients and food group (n = 94)
Semi-FFQ | Metabolic syndrome | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 51) | Yes (n = 43) | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P-value | |
Age (years); median ± (IQR) | 39.7 ± (7.5) | 38.9 ± (6.5) | 1.41 | 1.14 | (0.91, 1.42) | 0.247 |
Gender (Female); n (%) | 44 (63.8) | 25 (36.2) | 1.91 | 1.13 | (1.04, 1.42) | 0.024* |
Smoking (Yes); n (%) | 4 (40.0) | 6 (60.0) | 1.52 | 1.02 | (0.11, 4.49) | 0.15 |
Alcohol consumption (Yes); n (%) | 25 (51.0) | 24 (49.0) | 1.26 | 1.07 | (0.09, 5.23) | 0.724 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 ± (3.6) | 28.9 ± (4.3) | 1.1 | 1.23 | (0.85, 1.78) | 0.268 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 38.9 ± (19.3) | 42.4 ± (16.9) | 3.15 | 1.65 | (0.30, 4.05) | 0.787 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± (0.5) | 5.5 ± (0.4) | 1.08 | 1.42 | (1.12, 1.81) | 0.004** |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± (0.6) | 5.4 ± (0.8) | 1.01 | 1.01 | (0.96, 1.05) | 0.817 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± (0.2) | 1.9 ± (0.1) | 1.01 | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.03) | 0.32 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± (2.1) | 1.2 ± (0.3) | 0.94 | 0.98 | (0.87, 1.11) | 0.758 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.9 ± (0.5) | 3.3 ± (0.2) | 1.01 | 1.00 | (0.96, 1.03) | 0.789 |
Nutrients and food group | ||||||
Sugar (g); median ± (IQR) | ||||||
Fruit | 8.5 ± (2.5) | 9.4 ± (1.1) | 1.03 | 1.06 | (0.36, 1.10) | 0.052 |
Beverage | 27.6 ± (2.1) | 29.9 ± (4.2) | 1.02 | 1.09 | (0.70, 1.17) | 0.189 |
Snack | 0.5 ± (0.1) | 0.7 ± (0.4) | 1.05 | 1.08 | (0.29, 3.42) | 0.985 |
Dessert | 1.8 ± (0.6) | 1.6 ± (0.8) | 1.09 | 1.04 | (0.05, 2.61) | 0.324 |
Fat (g); median ± (IQR) | ||||||
Snack | 2.9 ± (0.9) | 3.4 ± (0.4) | 1.05 | 2.06 | (0.74, 7.40) | 0.67 |
Dessert | 0.7 ± (0.5) | 0.6 ± (0.3) | 1.06 | 1.08 | (0.23, 5.99) | 0.255 |
A la carte | 5.9 ± (0.7) | 8.9 ± (0.4) | 1.63 | 1.28 | (1.09, 1.89) | 0.031* |
Noodles | 8.3 ± (0.3) | 11.4 ± (5.4) | 1.03 | 1.09 | (0.45, 1.69) | 0.675 |
Toppings | 8.7 ± (0.9) | 11.8 ± (0.9) | 1.04 | 1.07 | (0.43, 2.01) | 0.845 |
Sodium (mg); median ± (IQR) | ||||||
Dessert | 10.2 ± (3.8) | 9.9 ± (8.3) | 1.00 | 0.99 | (0.98, 1.01) | 0.332 |
Snack | 137.1 ± (16.8) | 184.2 ± (17.5) | 0.99 | 0.97 | (0.86, 1.10) | 0.683 |
A la carte | 351.5 ± (12.1) | 495.9 ± (19.6) | 1.01 | 1.98 | (1.05, 1.95) | 0.046* |
Noodles | 598.6 ± (15.3) | 664.8 ± (15.2) | 1.05 | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.02) | 0.43 |
Toppings | 274.7 ± (21.3) | 260.9 ± (35.4) | 1.06 | 0.97 | (0.98, 0.99) | 0.021* |
Energy (kcal); median ± (IQR) | ||||||
Fruit | 44.8 ± (6.4) | 48.8 ± (7.1) | 1.05 | 1.08 | (1.01, 1.17) | 0.035* |
Beverage | 190.6 ± (25.8) | 214.2 ± (35.8) | 1.07 | 1.02 | (0.99, 1.05) | 0.17 |
Snack | 56.8 ± (19.4) | 74.2 ± (8.6) | 1.03 | 1.01 | (0.84, 1.18) | 0.988 |
Dessert | 21.3 ± (2.8) | 17.3 ± (3.0) | 1.10 | 1.20 | (0.90, 1.61) | 0.214 |
A la carte | 165.6 ± (17.9) | 229.5 ± (23.3) | 1.02 | 1.09 | (1.01, 1.17) | 0.026* |
Noodles | 156.3 ± (16.8) | 204.6 ± (18.9) | 1.01 | 0.99 | (0.94, 1.03) | 0.575 |
Toppings | 150.3 ± (12.6) | 161.6 ± (15.1) | 1.02 | 1.04 | (0.98, 1.11) | 0.182 |