Table 1 Characteristics of study participants by hypertension levels of older adults by sex, India, LASI Wave 1, 2017–18
Individual factors | Overall (n = 72,250) | No hypertension (n = 53,497) | No hypertension | All hypertension (Overall) | All hypertension | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | (n = 32,635) | Males | Females | |||
(n = 23,246) | (n = 30,251) | (n = 13,387) | (n = 19,247) | ||||
Age groups | |||||||
18–44 | 6,276 (8.69%) | 5,358 (10.02%) | 28 (0.12%) | 5,291 (17.62%) | 1,718 (5.27%) | 13 (0.10%) | 1,669 (8.86%) |
45–54 | 23,058 (31.91%) | 18,411 (34.42%) | 8,640 (36.8%) | 9,785 (32.85%) | 8,833 (27.07%) | 4,045 (29.31%) | 4,803 (25.51%) |
55–64 | 19,684 (27.25%) | 14,373 (26.87%) | 6,927 (29.51%) | 7,459 (24.84%) | 9,278 (28.43%) | 4,021 (29.13%) | 5,262 (27.94%) |
65–74 | 15,693 (21.72%) | 10,466 (19.57%) | 5,352 (22.8%) | 5,129 (17.08%) | 8,680 (26.6%) | 3,908 (28.32%) | 4,784 (25.40%) |
75 + | 7,536 (10.43%) | 4,887 (9.14%) | 2,529 (10.77%) | 2,365 (7.88%) | 4,123 (12.63%) | 1,814 (13.14%) | 2,312 (12.28%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Education level | |||||||
No education | 35,761 (49.5%) | 27,578 (51.55%) | 8,531 (36.34%) | 18,993 (63.25%) | 15,282 (46.83%) | 4,095 (29.67%) | 11,065 (58.76%) |
Primary | 16,769 (23.21%) | 12,200 (22.81%) | 6,676 (28.44%) | 5,550 (18.48%) | 7,827 (23.99%) | 3,958 (28.68%) | 3,902 (20.72%) |
Secondary | 12,215 (16.91%) | 8,485 (15.86%) | 5,098 (21.72%) | 3,412 (11.36%) | 5,719 (17.52%) | 3,283 (23.79%) | 2,479 (13.17%) |
Higher | 7,498 (10.38%) | 5,230 (9.78%) | 3,172 (13.51%) | 2,074 (6.91%) | 3,805 (11.66%) | 2,464 (17.86%) | 1,384 (7.35%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Currently working | |||||||
Never worked | 19,915 (27.57%) | 13,511 (25.26%) | 684 (2.92%) | 12,741 (42.43%) | 9,779 (29.97%) | 418 (3.03%) | 9,170 (48.70%) |
Currently working | 33,430 (46.28%) | 27,480 (51.37%) | 16,497 (70.27%) | 11,065 (36.85%) | 12,830 (39.32%) | 8,004 (57.99%) | 4,958 (26.33%) |
Not currently working | 18,883 (26.14%) | 12,500 (23.37%) | 6,294 (26.81%) | 6,222 (20.72%) | 10,022 (30.71%) | 5,379 (38.98%) | 4,701 (24.97%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Marital status | |||||||
Currently married | 54,620 (75.6%) | 41,538 (77.65%) | 20,430 (87.02%) | 21,156 (70.45%) | 23,148 (70.93%) | 11,921 (86.38%) | 11,335 (60.19%) |
Widowed | 15,650 (21.66%) | 10,375 (19.39%) | 2,346 (9.99%) | 7,994 (26.62%) | 8,705 (26.68%) | 1,526 (11.06%) | 7,069 (37.54%) |
D/S/D/Othersa | 1,974 (2.73%) | 1,582 (2.96%) | 701 (2.99%) | 881 (2.94%) | 779 (2.39%) | 353 (2.56%) | 427 (2.27%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Morbidities | |||||||
Diabetes | |||||||
No | 63,724 (88.44%) | 50,409 (94.23%) | 21,916 (93.35%) | 28,503 (94.91%) | 26,241 (80.42%) | 10,913 (79.07%) | 15,318 (81.35%) |
Yes | 8,330 (11.56%) | 3,085 (5.77%) | 1,561 (6.65%) | 1,528 (5.09%) | 6,391 (19.58%) | 2,888 (20.93%) | 3,512 (18.65%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Stroke | |||||||
No | 70,759 (98.19%) | 52,965 (99.01%) | 23,419 (98.6%) | 29,828 (99.33%) | 31,686 (97.10%) | 13,261 (96.08%) | 18,417 (97.81%) |
Yes | 1,304 (1.81%) | 530 (0.99%) | 329 (1.40%) | 202 (0.67%) | 945 (2.60%) | 540 (3.92%) | 412 (2.19%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Arthritis | |||||||
No | 65,646 (91.09%) | 49,585 (92.69%) | 21,987 (93.26%) | 27,703 (92.25%) | 29,131 (89.27%) | 12,752 (92.40%) | 16,400 (87.09%) |
Yes | 6,419 (8.91%) | 3,911 (7.31%) | 1,581 (6.74%) | 2,328 (7.75%) | 3,502 (10.73%) | 1,049 (7.60%) | 2,431 (12.91%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Difficulty in ADLb | |||||||
No | 60,490 (84.08%) | 45,941 (86.04%) | 20,454 (87.28%) | 25,503 (85.08%) | 26,319 (80.73%) | 11,360 (82.4%) | 14,970 (79.58%) |
Yes | 11,452 (15.92%) | 7,456 (13.96%) | 2,980 (12.72%) | 4,473 (14.92%) | 6,280 (19.27%) | 2,426 (17.6%) | 3,842 (20.42%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Difficulty in IADLc | |||||||
No | 45,910 (63.87%) | 35,276 (66.11%) | 17,223 (73.54%) | 18,091 (60.40%) | 19,636 (60.28%) | 9,529 (69.15%) | 10,170 (54.11%) |
Yes | 25,972 (36.13%) | 18,080 (33.89%) | 6,197 (26.46%) | 11,859 (39.6%) | 12,938 (39.72%) | 4,250 (30.85%) | 8,624 (45.89%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Lifestyle factors | |||||||
BMI categories | |||||||
Normal | 33,453 (51.32%) | 25,941 (53.27%) | 12,178 (57.02%) | 13,777 (50.37%) | 14,707 (48.29%) | 7,059 (54.84%) | 7,693 (43.76%) |
Underweight | 13,454 (20.64%) | 11,510 (23.64%) | 5,442 (25.48%) | 6,075 (22.21%) | 4,371 (14.35%) | 1,873 (14.56%) | 2,498 (14.21%) |
Overweight/obese | 18,274 (28.04%) | 11,248 (23.10%) | 3,739 (17.51%) | 7,497 (27.41%) | 11,375 (37.35%) | 3,939 (30.60%) | 7,389 (42.03%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Moderate activities | |||||||
Inactive | 25,850 (35.71%) | 18,194 (34.22%) | 10,550 (45.25%) | 7,692 (25.76%) | 12,510 (38.49%) | 6,788 (49.41%) | 5,799 (30.91%) |
Active | 46,044 (64.29%) | 34,970 (65.78%) | 12,767 (54.75%) | 22,169 (74.24%) | 19,991 (61.51%) | 6,951 (50.59%) | 12,962 (69.09%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Vigorous activities | |||||||
Inactive | 48,700 (68%) | 34,641 (65.16%) | 12,917 (55.41%) | 21,696 (72.65%) | 23,384 (71.97%) | 8,667 (63.09%) | 14,654 (78.13%) |
Active | 22,912 (32%) | 18,519 (34.84%) | 10,395 (44.59%) | 8,166 (27.35%) | 9,109 (28.03%) | 5,070 (36.91%) | 4,101 (21.87%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Smoking status | |||||||
Never | 60,356 (84.28%) | 44,254 (83.24%) | 15,313 (65.7%) | 28,885 (96.71%) | 27,857 (85.74%) | 9,535 (69.43%) | 18,207 (97.07%) |
Former | 2,526 (3.53%) | 1,741 (3.28%) | 1,548 (6.64%) | 206 (0.97%) | 1,265 (3.89%) | 1,141 (8.31%) | 154 (0.83%) |
Current | 8,727 (12.19%) | 7,166 (13.48%) | 6,445 (27.66%) | 776 (2.60%) | 3,369 (10.37%) | 3,057 (22.26%) | 394 (2.10%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Chewing tobacco | |||||||
Never | 55,783 (77.9%) | 40,782 (76.71%) | 15,609 (66.97%) | 25,146 (84.19%) | 25,653 (78.95%) | 9,727 (70.82%) | 15,869 (84.61%) |
Former | 1,665 (2.33%) | 1,124 (2.12%) | 731 (3.14%) | 391 (1.33%) | 878 (2.7%) | 589 (4.29%) | 300 (1.60%) |
Current | 14,161 (19.78%) | 11,255 (21.17%) | 6,968 (29.9%) | 4,323 (14.48%) | 5,959 (18.34%) | 3,418 (24.89%) | 2,587 (13.79%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Drinking status | |||||||
No | 61,646 (86.06%) | 45,258 (85.12%) | 16,177 (69.39%) | 29,032 (97.20%) | 27,912 (85.87%) | 9,463 (68.87%) | 18,329 (97.68%) |
Yes | 9,984 (13.94%) | 7,910 (14.88%) | 7,135 (30.61%) | 837 (2.80%) | 4,592 (14.13%) | 4,227 (31.13%) | 434 (2.32%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Household factors | |||||||
MPCE quintile | |||||||
Poorest | 14,955 (20.7%) | 12,018 (22.47%) | 5,166 (22.01%) | 6,852 (22.82%) | 6,005 (18.40%) | 2,484 (18.0%) | 3,518 (18.68%) |
Poorer | 15,328 (21.22%) | 11,805 (22.07%) | 5,111 (21.77%) | 6,695 (22.29%) | 6,513 (19.96%) | 2,753 (19.95%) | 3,760 (19.97%) |
Middle | 14,789 (20.47%) | 10,944 (20.46%) | 4,815 (20.51%) | 6,132 (20.42%) | 6,638 (20.34%) | 2,740 (19.86%) | 3,893 (20.68%) |
Richer | 14,151 (19.59%) | 10,081 (18.85%) | 4,462 (19.01%) | 5,622 (18.72%) | 6,644 (20.36%) | 2,799 (20.28%) | 3,844 (20.41%) |
Richest | 13,024 (18.03%) | 8,647 (16.16%) | 3,922 (16.71%) | 4,729 (15.75%) | 6,833 (20.94%) | 3,024 (21.91%) | 3,815 (20.26%) |
Test of Signifficance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Religion | |||||||
Hindu | 59,185 (81.92%) | 44,613 (83.40%) | 19,622 (83.57%) | 25,004 (83.27%) | 26,068 (79.88%) | 11,075 (80.24%) | 14,995 (79.63%) |
Muslim | 8,428 (11.67%) | 5,588 (10.45%) | 2,502 (10.66%) | 3,089 (10.29%) | 4,264 (13.07%) | 1,701 (12.33%) | 2,557 (13.58%) |
Christian | 2,142 (2.97%) | 1,585 (2.96%) | 574 (2.45%) | 1,009 (3.36%) | 966 (2.96%) | 399 (2.89%) | 566 (3.01%) |
Others$ | 2,488 (3.44%) | 1,705 (3.19%) | 779 (3.32%) | 926 (3.09%) | 1,334 (4.09%) | 626 (4.54%) | 711 (3.78%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Caste | |||||||
Scheduled caste | 13,688 (19.66%) | 10,587 (20.48%) | 4,647 (20.47%) | 5,943 (20.48%) | 5,708 (18.22%) | 2,332 (17.56%) | 3,371 (18.69%) |
Scheduled tribe | 6,101 (8.76%) | 5,204 (10.07%) | 2,201 (9.7%) | 3,002 (10.35%) | 2,287 (7.30%) | 1,023 (7.70%) | 1,266 (7.02%) |
OBC# | 32,526 (46.72%) | 23,906 (46.23%) | 10,485 (46.19%) | 13,427 (46.26%) | 14,877 (47.50%) | 6,383 (48.05%) | 8,479 (47.11%) |
Others | 17,309 (24.86%) | 12,008 (23.22%) | 5,364 (23.63%) | 6,649 (22.91%) | 8,450 (26.98%) | 3,545 (26.69%) | 4,903 (27.18%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Place of residence | |||||||
Rural | 49,274 (68.2%) | 38,809 (72.54%) | 17,367 (73.97%) | 21,458 (71.45%) | 20,115 (61.64%) | 8,612 (62.40%) | 11,508 (61.11%) |
Urban | 22,975 (31.8%) | 14,688 (27.46%) | 6,111 (26.03%) | 8,574 (28.55%) | 12,519 (38.36%) | 5,190 (37.60%) | 7,324 (38.89%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
Region | |||||||
North | 8,674 (12.01%) | 5,894 (11.02%) | 2,690 (11.46%) | 3,207 (10.68%) | 4,371 (13.39%) | 1,877 (13.60%) | 2,495 (13.25%) |
Central | 14,521 (20.1%) | 11,733 (22.01%) | 5,676 (24.18%) | 6,108 (20.34%) | 5,448 (16.70%) | 2,353 (17.05%) | 3,097 (16.45%) |
East | 16,902 (23.4%) | 12,968 (24.24%) | 5,719 (24.36%) | 7,253 (24.15%) | 7,029 (21.54%) | 2,996 (21.71%) | 4,033 (21.42%) |
Northeast | 2,631 (3.64%) | 1,900 (3.55%) | 807 (3.44%) | 1,093 (3.64%) | 1,223 (3.75%) | 532 (3.85%) | 692 (3.68%) |
West | 11,906 (16.48%) | 8,717 (16.30%) | 3,695 (15.74%) | 5,022 (16.72%) | 5,763 (17.66%) | 2,438 (17.67%) | 3,324 (17.65%) |
South | 17,612 (24.38%) | 12,242 (22.88%) | 4,890 (20.83%) | 7,347 (24.46%) | 8,798 (26.96%) | 3,604 (26.12%) | 5,187 (27.55%) |
Test of Significance | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |||
All (%) | 100 | 72.83 | 43.45 | 56.55 | 45.16 | 41.02 | 58.97 |