Table 3 Adjusted logistic regression showing individual characteristics associated with treatment and control of hypertension among males and females at 95%CI

Age category (ref: 45–54 years)

 (55–64) years

2.44 (1.31–4.55)

1.30 (0.82–2.05)

0.96 (0.83–1.01)

0.86 (0.77–0.96)

 (65–74) years

2.14 (1.13–4.07)

2.06 (1.16–3.65)

0.96 (0.82–1.12)

0.73 (0.65–0.83)

 75 + years

1.94 (0.82–4.57)

1.37 (0.66–2.81)

0.82 (0.67–1.01)

0.59 (0.49–0.69)

Education Level (ref: No education)

 Primary

1.48 (0.83–2.63)

1.51 (0.89–2.56)

0.90 (0.78–1.05)

1.03 (0.92–1.14)

 Secondary

1.85 (0.97–3.53)

2.26 (0.97–5.24)

0.83 (0.71–0.97)

0.98 (0.86–1.13)

 Higher

2.68 (1.04–6.93)

2.78 (0.62–12.40)

0.88 (0.73–1.05)

1.12 (0.92–1.37)

Drinking alcohol status (ref: no)

 Yes

0.85 (0.50–1.45)

1.98 (0.41–9.49)

0.70 (0.62–0.79)

0.86 (0.66–1.13)

Chewing tobacco (ref: never)

 Former

1.33 (0.36–4.88)

0.63 (0.17–2.31)

1.18 (0.90–1.54)

0.82 (0.59–1.13)

 Current

0.81 (0.45–1.44)

2.18 (1.05–4.51)

0.95 (0.82–1.10)

0.91 (0.80–1.04)

Smoking status (ref: never)

 Former

1.25 (0.51–3.04)

0.14 (0.06–0.33)

1.12 (0.93–1.34)

1.11 (0.76–1.61)

 Current

1.01 (0.54–1.88)

0.28 (0.14–0.55)

1.20 (1.04–1.39)

1.54 (1.16–2.03)

Physical activity: vigorous (ref: inactive)

 Active

0.86 (0.51- 1.47)

0.82 (0.51–1.32)

1.11 (0.98–1.25)

1.10 (0.98–1.24)

Physical activity: moderate (ref: inactive)

 Active

0.82 (0.49–1.36)

0.61 (0.39–0.96)

0.90 (0.80–1.01)

0.85 (0.77–0.94)

BMI categories (ref: normal)

 Underweight

0.36 (0.20–0.64)

0.94 (0.57–1.54)

1.61 (1.34–1.94)

1.31 (1.13–1.53)

 Overweight/obese

1.49 (0.82–2.72)

3.04 (1.88–4.93)

0.74 (0.66–0.83)

0.77 (0.70–0.84)

Difficulty in IADL^c (ref: no)

 Yes

0.71 (0.41–1.20)

0.84 (0.56–1.26)

0.96 (0.84–1.09)

1.01 (0.92–1.11)

Difficulty in ADL^b (ref: no)

 Yes

2.20 (1.01–4.79)

1.15 (0.67–1.99)

0.99 (0.84–1.15)

0.88 (0.79–0.99)

Arthritis (ref: no)

 Yes

0.68 (0.29–1.60)

1.33 (0.64–2.72)

1.02 (0.85–1.23)

0.97 (0.86–1.01)

Stroke (ref: no)

 Yes

3.38 (0.72–15.84)

1.96 (0.42–9.14)

1.28 (1.01–1.62)

0.80 (0.61–1.05)

Diabetes (ref: no)

 Yes

3.96 (1.66–9.44)

3.09 (1.53–6.22)

0.95 (0.85–1.07)

0.86 (0.78–0.95)

Working status (ref:never worked)

 Currently working

0.41 (0.11–1.52)

0.73 (0.43–1.22)

0.91 (0.70–1.20)

1.14 (1.01–1.30)

 Not currently working

0.62 (0.16–2.34)

0.82 (0.49–1.36)

0.89 (0.68–1.16)

0.96 (0.87–1.07)

Marital status (ref: currently married)

 Widowed

1.41 (0.65–3.08)

1.65 (1.05–2.59)

0.68 (0.57–0.81)

0.79 (0.72–0.87)

 D/S/D/others^a

0.37 (0.10–1.32)

0.44 (0.18–1.08)

1.18 (0.85–1.65)

0.82 (0.65–1.05)

Religion (ref: Hindu)

 Muslim

0.90 (0.41–1.98)

1.01 (0.55–1.84)

0.75 (0.63–0.89)

0.84 (0.74–0.95)

 Christian

0.13 (0.03–0.50)

0.14 (0.04–0.46)

1.03 (0.83–1.28)

0.94 (0.79–1.31)

 Others^$

0.19 (0.09–0.41)

0.19 (0.10–0.35)

0.76 (0.60–0.96)

0.90 (0.75–1.09)

Caste (ref: scheduled caste)

 Scheduled tribe

1.55 (0.54–4.41)

0.90 (0.37–2.13)

0.77 (0.62–0.96)

0.76 (0.64–0.91)

 OBC^#

1.28 (0.70–2.35)

0.90 (0.54–1.50)

1.11 (0.95–1.30)

1.11 (0.98–1.26)

 Others

1.67 (0.88–3.17)

1.04 (0.60–1.80)

1.08 (0.91–1.28)

1.03 (0.90–1.18)

Place of residence (ref: rural)

 Urban

4.00 (1.97–8.14)

2.08 (1.25–3.44)

1.05 (0.93–1.17)

1.07 (0.97–1.18)

Region (ref: north)

 Central

0.76 (0.34–1.69)

0.83 (0.44–1.56)

1.25 (1.01–1.54)

1.43 (1.20–1.69)

 East

0.50 (0.25–1.01)

0.59 (0.36–0.99)

1.01 (0.84–1.21)

0.99 (0.85–1.14)

 Northeast

4.98 (1.44–17.22)

5.90 (1.77–19.60)

0.73 (0.58–0.91)

0.83 (0.68–1.01)

 West

1

6.90 (2.04–23.24)

1.17 (0.97–1.41)

1.26 (1.08–1.47)

 South

53.15 (6.54–432.02)

1

0.93 (0.79–1.10)

0.95 (0.83–1.08)

MPCE quintile (ref: poorest)

 Poorer

1.87 (0.83–4.24)

2.10 (1.18–3.75)

0.90 (0.75–1.08)

1.03 (0.89–1.19)

 Middle

1.64 (0.75–3.58)

2.49 (1.40–4.42)

0.93 (0.78–1.11)

1.05 (0.91–1.21)

 Richer

1.18 (0.57–2.44)

2.49 (1.14–4.40)

1.05 (0.88–1.26)

1.17 (1.02–1.35)

 Richest

1.53 (0.70–3.35)

2.52 (1.38–4.58)

1.17 (0.98–1.40)

1.21 (1.04–1.39)